How to invoke the super constructor in Python?

Question

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        print("world")

class B(A):
    def __init__(self):
       print("hello")

B()  # output: hello

In all other languages I've worked with the super constructor is invoked implicitly. How does one invoke it in Python? I would expect super(self) but this doesn't work.

Answer 1

In line with the other answers, there are multiple ways to call super class methods (including the constructor), however in Python-3.x the process has been simplified:

Python-3.x

class A(object):
 def __init__(self):
   print("world")

class B(A):
 def __init__(self):
   print("hello")
   super().__init__()

Python-2.x

In python 2.x, you have to call the slightly more verbose version super(<containing classname>, self), which is equivalent to super()as per the docs.

class A(object):
 def __init__(self):
   print "world"

class B(A):
 def __init__(self):
   print "hello"
   super(B, self).__init__()

Answer 2

super() returns a parent-like object in new-style classes:

class A(object):
    def __init__(self):
        print("world")

class B(A):
    def __init__(self):
        print("hello")
        super(B, self).__init__()

B()

Answer 3

With Python 2.x old-style classes it would be this:

class A: 
 def __init__(self): 
   print "world" 

class B(A): 
 def __init__(self): 
   print "hello" 
   A.__init__(self)

Answer 4

One way is to call A's constructor and pass self as an argument, like so:

class B(A):
    def __init__(self):
        A.__init__(self)
        print "hello"

The advantage of this style is that it's very clear. It call A's initialiser. The downside is that it doesn't handle diamond-shaped inheritance very well, since you may end up calling the shared base class's initialiser twice.

Another way is to use super(), as others have shown. For single-inheritance, it does basically the same thing as letting you call the parent's initialiser.

However, super() is quite a bit more complicated under-the-hood and can sometimes be counter-intuitive in multiple inheritance situations. On the plus side, super() can be used to handle diamond-shaped inheritance. If you want to know the nitty-gritty of what super() does, the best explanation I've found for how super() works is here (though I'm not necessarily endorsing that article's opinions).