How to generate a permutation?

Question

My question is: given a list L of length n, and an integer i such that 0 <= i < n!, how can you write a function perm(L, n) to produce the ith permutation of L in O(n) time? What I mean by ith permutation is just the ith permutation in some implementation defined ordering that must have the properties:

1. For any i and any 2 lists A and B, perm(A, i) and perm(B, i) must both map the jth element of A and B to an element in the same position for both A and B.

2. For any inputs (A, i), (A, j) perm(A, i)==perm(A, j) if and only if i==j.

NOTE: this is not homework. In fact, I solved this 2 years ago, but I've completely forgotten how, and it's killing me. Also, here is a broken attempt I made at a solution:

def perm(s, i):
  n = len(s)
  perm = [0]*n
  itCount = 0
  for elem in s:
    perm[i%n + itCount] = elem
    i = i / n
    n -= 1
    itCount+=1
  return perm

ALSO NOTE: the O(n) requirement is very important. Otherwise you could just generate the n! sized list of all permutations and just return its ith element.

Answer 1

def perm(sequence, index):
    sequence = list(sequence)
    result = []
    for x in xrange(len(sequence)):
        idx = index % len(sequence)
        index /= len(sequence)
        result.append( sequence[idx] )
        # constant time non-order preserving removal
        sequence[idx] = sequence[-1]
        del sequence[-1]
    return result

Based on the algorithm for shuffling, but we take the least significant part of the number each time to decide which element to take instead of a random number. Alternatively consider it like the problem of converting to some arbitrary base except that the base name shrinks for each additional digit.

Answer 2

Could you use factoradics? You can find an illustration via this MSDN article.

Update: I wrote an extension of the MSDN algorithm that finds i'th permutation of n things taken r at a time, even if n != r.