How does Microsoft handle the fact that UTF-16 is a variable length encoding in their C++ standard library implementation

Question

Having a variable length encoding is indirectly forbidden in the standard.

So I have several questions:

How is the following part of the standard handled?

17.3.2.1.3.3 Wide-character sequences

A wide-character sequence is an array object (8.3.4) A that can be declared as T A[N], where T is type wchar_t (3.9.1), optionally qualified by any combination of const or volatile. The initial elements of the array have defined contents up to and including an element determined by some predicate. A character sequence can be designated by a pointer value S that designates its first element.

The length of an NTWCS is the number of elements that precede the terminating null wide character. An empty NTWCS has a length of zero.

Questions:

basic_string<wchar_t>

• How is operator[] implemented and what does it return?
  • standard: If pos < size(), returns data()[pos]. Otherwise, if pos == size(), the const version returns charT(). Otherwise, the behavior is undefined.
• Does size() return the number of elements or the length of the string?
  • standard: Returns: a count of the number of char-like objects currently in the string.
• How does resize() work?
  • unrelated to standard, just what does it do
• How are the position in insert(), erase() and others handled?

cwctype

• Pretty much everything in here. How is the variable encoding handled?

cwchar

• getwchar() obviously can't return a whole platform-character, so how does this work?

Plus all the rest of the character function (the theme is the same).

Edit: I will be opening a bounty to get some confirmation. I want to get some clear answers or at least a clearer distribution of votes.

Edit: This is starting to get pointless. This is full of totally conflicting answers. Some of you talk about external encodings (I don't care about those, UTF-8 encoded will still be stored as UTF-16 once read into the string, the same for output), the rest simply contradicts each other. :-/

Answer 1

Here's how Microsoft's STL implementation handles the variable-length encoding:

basic_string<wchar_t>::operator[])( can return a low or a high surrogate, in isolation.

basic_string<wchar_t>::size() returns the number of wchar_t objects. A surrogate pair (one Unicode character) uses two wchar_t's and therefore adds two to the size.

basic_string<wchar_t>::resize() can truncate a string in the middle of a surrogate pair.

basic_string<wchar_t>::insert() can insert in the middle of a surrogate pair.

basic_string<wchar_t>::erase() can erase either half of a surrogate pair.

In general, the pattern should be clear: the STL does not assume that a std::wstring is in UTF-16, nor enforce that it remains UTF-16.