How does extern work in C#?

Question

Whenever I look deeply enough into reflector I bump into extern methods with no source. I read the msdn documentation at http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/e59b22c5(v=vs.80).aspx. What I got from that article is that methods with the extern modifier have to be injected. I interpreted this to mean it works something like an abstract factory pattern. I also noticed that I've never seen a non-static extern method. Is static declaration a requirement (I could see how this would make sense)? I'm still guessing here and I'm not sure how it actually works. It seems to me like the compiler must recognize certain attributes that mitigate processing, but I don't know what the attributes are other than ones I've come across like MethodImplAttribute and DllImportAttribute from the MSDN example. How does someone leverage the extern attribute? It said that in many instances this can increase performance. Also, how would I go about looking into the source of extern methods like Object.InternalGetEquals()?

Answer 1

Consider reading section 10.6.7 of the C# specification, which answers many of your questions. I reproduce part of it here for your convenience:

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When a method declaration includes an extern modifier, that method is said to be an external method. External methods are implemented externally, typically using a language other than C#. Because an external method declaration provides no actual implementation, the method-body of an external method simply consists of a semicolon. An external method may not be generic. The extern modifier is typically used in conjunction with a DllImport attribute, allowing external methods to be implemented by DLLs (Dynamic Link Libraries). The execution environment may support other mechanisms whereby implementations of external methods can be provided. When an external method includes a DllImport attribute, the method declaration must also include a static modifier.

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How does someone leverage the extern attribute?

• Write your code in the unmanaged language of your choice.
• Compile it into a DLL, exporting the entry point of your code.
• Make an interop library that defines the method as an extern method in the given DLL.
• Call it from C#.
• Profit!

How would I go about looking into the source of extern methods like Object.InternalGetEquals()?

Go to https://github.com/dotnet/coreclr/tree/master/src/vm