How can I set all bits to '1' in a binary number of an unknown size?

Question

I'm trying to write a function in assembly (but lets assume language agnostic for the question).

How can I use bitwise operators to set all bits of a passed in number to 1?

I know that I can use the bitwise "or" with a mask with the bits I wish to set, but I don't know how to construct a mask based off some a binary number of N size.

Answer 1

~(x & 0)

x & 0 will always result in 0, and ~ will flip all the bits to 1s.

Answer 2

Set it to 0, then flip all the bits to 1 with a bitwise-NOT.