How are you taking advantage of Multicore?

Question

My research work includes work on compilers and on spam filtering. I also do a lot of 'personal productivity' Unix stuff. Plus I write and use software to administer classes that I teach, which includes grading, testing student code, tracking grades, and myriad other trivia.

1. Multicore affects me not at all except as a research problem for compilers to support other applications. But those problems lie primarily in the run-time system, not the compiler.
2. At great trouble and expense, Dave Wortman showed around 1990 that you could parallelize a compiler to keep four processors busy. Nobody I know has ever repeated the experiment. Most compilers are fast enough to run single-threaded. And it's much easier to run your sequential compiler on several different source files in parallel than it is to make your compiler itself parallel. For spam filtering, learning is an inherently sequential process. And even an older machine can learn hundreds of messages a second, so even a large corpus can be learned in under a minute. Again, training is fast enough.
3. The only significant way I have of exploiting parallel machines is using parallel make. It is a great boon, and big builds are easy to parallelize. Make does almost all the work automatically. The only other thing I can remember is using parallelism to time long-running student code by farming it out to a bunch of lab machines, which I could do in good conscience because I was only clobbering a single core per machine, so using only 1/4 of CPU resources. Oh, and I wrote a Lua script that will use all 4 cores when ripping MP3 files with lame. That script was a lot of work to get right.
4. I will ignore tens, hundreds, and thousands of cores. The first time I was told "parallel machines are coming; you must get ready" was 1984. It was true then and is true today that parallel programming is a domain for highly skilled specialists. The only thing that has changed is that today manufacturers are forcing us to pay for parallel hardware whether we want it or not. But just because the hardware is paid for doesn't mean it's free to use. The programming models are awful, and making the thread/mutex model work, let alone perform well, is an expensive job even if the hardware is free. I expect most programmers to ignore parallelism and quietly get on about their business. When a skilled specialist comes along with a parallel make or a great computer game, I will quietly applaud and make use of their efforts. If I want performance for my own apps I will concentrate on reducing memory allocations and ignore parallelism.
5. Parallelism is really hard. Most domains are hard to parallelize. A widely reusable exception like parallel make is cause for much rejoicing.

Summary (which I heard from a keynote speaker who works for a leading CPU manufacturer): the industry backed into multicore because they couldn't keep making machines run faster and hotter and they didn't know what to do with the extra transistors. Now they're desperate to find a way to make multicore profitable because if they don't have profits, they can't build the next generation of fab lines. The gravy train is over, and we might actually have to start paying attention to software costs.

Many people who are serious about parallelism are ignoring these toy 4-core or even 32-core machines in favor of GPUs with 128 processors or more. My guess is that the real action is going to be there.

For web applications it's very, very easy: ignore it. Unless you've got some code that really begs to be done in parallel you can simply write old-style single-threaded code and be happy.

You usually have a lot more requests to handle at any given moment than you have cores. And since each one is handled in its own Thread (or even process, depending on your technology) this is already working in parallel.

The only place you need to be careful is when accessing some kind of global state that requires synchronization. Keep that to a minimum to avoid introducing artificial bottlenecks to an otherwise (almost) perfectly scalable world.

So for me multi-core basically boils down to these items:

• My servers have less "CPUs" while each one sports more cores (not much of a difference to me)
• The same number of CPUs can substain a larger amount of concurrent users
• When the seems to be performance bottleneck that's not the result of the CPU being 100% loaded, then that's an indication that I'm doing some bad synchronization somewhere.

1. At the moment - doesn't affect it that much, to be honest. I'm more in 'preparation stage', learning about the technologies and language features that make this possible.
2. I don't have one particular domain, but I've encountered domains like math (where multi-core is essential), data sort/search (where divide & conquer on multi-core is helpful) and multi-computer requirements (e.g., a requirement that a back-up station's processing power is used for something).
3. This depends on what language I'm working. Obviously in C#, my hands are tied with a not-yet-ready implementation of Parallel Extensions that does seem to boost performance, until you start comparing same algorithms with OpenMP (perhaps not a fair comparison). So on .NET it's going to be an easy ride with some for → Parallel.For refactorings and the like.
   Where things get really interesting is with C++, because the performance you can squeeze out of things like OpenMP is staggering compared to .NET. In fact, OpenMP surprised me a lot, because I didn't expect it to work so efficiently. Well, I guess its developers have had a lot of time to polish it. I also like that it is available in Visual Studio out-of-the-box, unlike TBB for which you have to pay.
   As for MPI, I use PureMPI.net for little home projects (I have a LAN) to fool around with computations that one machine can't quite take. I've never used MPI commercially, but I do know that MKL has some MPI-optimized functions, which might be interesting to look at for anyone needing them.
4. I plan to do 'frivolous computing', i.e. use extra cores for precomputation of results that might or might not be needed - RAM permitting, of course. I also intend to delve into costly algorithms and approaches that most end users' machines right now cannot handle.
5. As for domains not benefitting from parallellization... well, one can always find something. One thing I am concerned about is decent support in .NET, though regrettably I have given up hope that speeds similar to C++ can be attained.

I work in medical imaging and image processing.

We're handling multiple cores in much the same way we handled single cores-- we have multiple threads already in the applications we write in order to have a responsive UI.

However, because we can now, we're taking strong looks at implementing most of our image processing operations in either CUDA or OpenMP. The Intel Compiler provides a lot of good sample code for OpenMP, and is just a much more mature product than CUDA, and provides a much larger installed base, so we're probably going to go with that.

What we tend to do for expensive (ie, more than a second) operations is to fork that operation off into another process, if we can. That way, the main UI remains responsive. If we can't, or it's just far too inconvenient or slow to move that much memory around, the operation is still in a thread, and then that operation can itself spawn multiple threads.

The key for us is to make sure that we don't hit concurrency bottlenecks. We develop in .NET, which means that UI updates have to be done from an Invoke call to the UI in order to have the main thread update the UI.

Maybe I'm lazy, but really, I don't want to have to spend too much time figuring a lot of this stuff out when it comes to parallelizing things like matrix inversions and the like. A lot of really smart people have spent a lot of time making that stuff fast like nitrous, and I just want to take what they've done and call it. Something like CUDA has an interesting interface for image processing (of course, that's what it's defined for), but it's still too immature for that kind of plug-and-play programming. If I or another developer get a lot of spare time, we might give it a try. So instead, we'll just go with OpenMP to make our processing faster (and that's definitely on the development roadmap for the next few months).

So far, nothing more than more efficient compilation with make:

gmake -j

the -j option allows tasks that don't depend on one another to run in parallel.

I'm developing ASP.NET web applications. There is little possibility to use multicore directly in my code, however IIS already scales well for multiple cores/CPU's by spawning multiple worker threads/processes when under load.

We're having a lot of success with task parallelism in .NET 4 using F#. Our customers are crying out for multicore support because they don't want their n-1 cores idle!