Function pointer vs Function reference

Question

In the code below, function-pointer and what i considered as "function-reference" seems to have identical semantics:

#include <iostream> using std::cout;  void func(int a) {     cout << "Hello" << a << '\n'; } void func2(int a) {     cout << "Hi" << a << '\n'; }  int main() {     void (& f_ref)(int) = func;     void (* f_ptr)(int) = func;      // what i expected to be, and is, correct:     f_ref(1);     (*f_ptr)(2);      // what i expected to be, and is not, wrong:     (*f_ref)(4); // i even added more stars here like (****f_ref)(4)     f_ptr(3);    // everything just works!      // all 4 statements above works just fine      // the only difference i found, as one would expect: //  f_ref = func2; // ERROR: read-only reference     f_ptr = func2; // works fine!     f_ptr(5);      return 0; } 

I used gcc version 4.7.2 in Fedora/Linux

UPDATE

My questions are:

1. Why function pointer does not require dereferencing?
2. Why dereferencing a function reference doesn't result in an error?
3. Is(Are) there any situation(s) where I must use one over the other?
4. Why f_ptr = &func; works? Since func should be decayed into a pointer?
   While f_ptr = &&func; doesn't work (implicit conversion from void *)

Answer 1

Functions and function references (i.e. id-expressions of those types) decay into function pointers almost immediately, so the expressions func and f_ref actually become function pointers in your case. You can also call (***func)(5) and (******f_ref)(6) if you like.

It may be preferable to use function references in cases where you want the &-operator to work as though it had been applied to the function itself, e.g. &func is the same as &f_ref, but &f_ptr is something else.