Finding a repeating sequence at the end of a sequence of numbers

Question

My problem is this: I have a large sequence of numbers. I know that, after some point, it becomes periodic - that is, there are k numbers at the beginning of the sequence, and then there are m more numbers that repeat for the rest of the sequence. As an example to make this more clear, the sequence might look like this: [1, 2, 5, 3, 4, 2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 3, ...], where k is 5 and m is 4, and the repeating block is then [2, 1, 1, 3]. As is clear from this example, I can have repeating bits inside of the larger block, so it doesn't help to just look for the first instances of repetition.

However, I do not know what k or m are - my goal is to take the sequence [a_1, a_2, ... , a_n] as an input and output the sequence [a_1, ... , a_k, [a_(k+1), ... , a_(k+m)]] - basically truncating the longer sequence by listing the majority of it as a repeating block.

Is there an efficient way to do this problem? Also, likely harder but more ideal computationally - is it possible to do this as I generate the sequence in question, so that I have to generate a minimal amount? I've looked at other, similar questions on this site, but they all seem to deal with sequences without the beginning non-repeating bit, and often without having to worry about internal repetition.

If it helps/would be useful, I can also get into why I am looking at this and what I will use it for.

Thanks!

EDITS: First, I should have mentioned that I do not know if the input sequence ends at exactly the end of a repeated block.

The real-world problem that I am attempting to work on is writing a nice, closed-form expression for continued fraction expansions (CFEs) of quadratic irrationals (actually, the negative CFE). It is very simple to generate partial quotients* for these CFEs to any degree of accuracy - however, at some point the tail of the CFE for a quadratic irrational becomes a repeating block. I need to work with the partial quotients in this repeating block.

My current thoughts are this: perhaps I can adapt some of the algorithms suggested that work from the right to work with one of these sequences. Alternatively, perhaps there is something in the proof of why quadratic irrationals are periodic that will help me see why they begin to repeat, which will help me come up with some easy criteria to check.

*If I am writing a continued fraction expansion as [a_0, a_1, ...], I refer to the a_i's as partial quotients.

Some background info can be found here for those interested: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_continued_fraction

Answer 1

You can use a rolling hash to achieve linear time complexity and O(1) space complexity (I think this is the case, since I don't believe you can have an infinite repeating sequence with two frequencies which are not multiples of each other).

Algorithm: You just keep two rolling hashes which expand like this:

                       _______  _______  _______
                      /       \/       \/       \
...2038975623895769874883301010883301010883301010
                      .        .        .      ||
                      .        .        .    [][]
                      .        .        .  [ ][ ]
                      .        .        .[  ][  ]
                      .        .       [.  ][   ]
                      .        .     [  . ][    ]
                      .        .   [    .][     ]
                      .        . [      ][      ]
                      .        [       ][       ]

Keep on doing this for the entire sequence. The first pass will only detect repetitions repeated 2*n times for some value of n. However that's not our goal: our goal in the first pass is to detect all possible periods, which this does. As we go along the sequence performing this process, we also keep track of all relatively prime periods we will need to later check:

periods = Set(int)
periodsToFurthestReach = Map(int -> int)

for hash1,hash2 in expandedPairOfRollingHashes(sequence):
    L = hash.length
    if hash1==hash2:
        if L is not a multiple of any period:
            periods.add(L)
            periodsToFurthestReach[L] = 2*L
        else L is a multiple of some periods:
            for all periods P for which L is a multiple:
                periodsToFurthestReach[P] = 2*L

After this process, we have a list of all periods and how far they've reached. Our answer is probably the one with the furthest reach, but we check all other periods for repetition (fast because we know the periods we're checking for). If this is computationally difficult, we can optimize by pruning away periods (which stop repeating) as we're going through the list, very much like the sieve of Eratosthenes, by keeping a priority queue of when we next expect a period to repeat.

At the end, we double-check the result to make sure there was no hash collision (in unlikely even there is, blacklist and repeat).

Here I assumed your goal was to minimize non-repeating-length, and not give a repeating element which can be further factored; you can modify this algorithm to find all other compressions, if they exist.