Find position of maximum per unique bin (binargmax)

Question

Setup

Suppose I have

bins = np.array([0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2])
vals = np.array([8, 7, 3, 4, 1, 2, 6, 5, 0, 9])
k = 3

I need the position of maximal values by unique bin in bins.

# Bin == 0
#  ↓ ↓           ↓
# [0 0 1 1 2 2 2 0 1 2]
# [8 7 3 4 1 2 6 5 0 9]
#  ↑ ↑           ↑
#  ⇧
# [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
# Maximum is 8 and happens at position 0

(vals * (bins == 0)).argmax()

0

---

# Bin == 1
#      ↓ ↓         ↓
# [0 0 1 1 2 2 2 0 1 2]
# [8 7 3 4 1 2 6 5 0 9]
#      ↑ ↑         ↑
#        ⇧
# [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
# Maximum is 4 and happens at position 3

(vals * (bins == 1)).argmax()

3

---

# Bin == 2
#          ↓ ↓ ↓     ↓
# [0 0 1 1 2 2 2 0 1 2]
# [8 7 3 4 1 2 6 5 0 9]
#          ↑ ↑ ↑     ↑
#                    ⇧
# [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
# Maximum is 9 and happens at position 9

(vals * (bins == 2)).argmax()

9

---

Those functions are hacky and aren't even generalizable for negative values.

Question

How do I get all such values in the most efficient manner using Numpy?

What I've tried.

def binargmax(bins, vals, k):
  out = -np.ones(k, np.int64)
  trk = np.empty(k, vals.dtype)
  trk.fill(np.nanmin(vals) - 1)

  for i in range(len(bins)):
    v = vals[i]
    b = bins[i]
    if v > trk[b]:
      trk[b] = v
      out[b] = i

  return out

binargmax(bins, vals, k)

array([0, 3, 9])

---

LINK TO TESTING AND VALIDATION

Answer 1

The numpy_indexed library:

I know this isn't technically numpy, but the numpy_indexed library has a vectorized group_by function which is perfect for this, just wanted to share as an alternative I use frequently:

>>> import numpy_indexed as npi
>>> npi.group_by(bins).argmax(vals)
(array([0, 1, 2]), array([0, 3, 9], dtype=int64))

---

Using a simple pandas groupby and idxmax:

df = pd.DataFrame({'bins': bins, 'vals': vals})
df.groupby('bins').vals.idxmax()

---

Using a sparse.csr_matrix

This option is very fast on very large inputs.

sparse.csr_matrix(
    (vals, bins, np.arange(vals.shape[0]+1)), (vals.shape[0], k)
).argmax(0)

# matrix([[0, 3, 9]])

---

Performance

Functions

def chris(bins, vals, k):
    return npi.group_by(bins).argmax(vals)

def chris2(df):
    return df.groupby('bins').vals.idxmax()

def chris3(bins, vals, k):
    sparse.csr_matrix((vals, bins, np.arange(vals.shape[0] + 1)), (vals.shape[0], k)).argmax(0)

def divakar(bins, vals, k):
    mx = vals.max()+1

    sidx = bins.argsort()
    sb = bins[sidx]
    sm = np.r_[sb[:-1] != sb[1:],True]

    argmax_out = np.argsort(bins*mx + vals)[sm]
    max_out = vals[argmax_out]
    return max_out, argmax_out

def divakar2(bins, vals, k):
    last_idx = np.bincount(bins).cumsum()-1
    scaled_vals = bins*(vals.max()+1) + vals
    argmax_out = np.argsort(scaled_vals)[last_idx]
    max_out = vals[argmax_out]
    return max_out, argmax_out


def user545424(bins, vals, k):
    return np.argmax(vals*(bins == np.arange(bins.max()+1)[:,np.newaxis]),axis=-1)

def user2699(bins, vals, k):
    res = []
    for v in np.unique(bins):
        idx = (bins==v)
        r = np.where(idx)[0][np.argmax(vals[idx])]
        res.append(r)
    return np.array(res)

def sacul(bins, vals, k):
    return np.lexsort((vals, bins))[np.append(np.diff(np.sort(bins)), 1).astype(bool)]

@njit
def piRSquared(bins, vals, k):
    out = -np.ones(k, np.int64)
    trk = np.empty(k, vals.dtype)
    trk.fill(np.nanmin(vals))

    for i in range(len(bins)):
        v = vals[i]
        b = bins[i]
        if v > trk[b]:
            trk[b] = v
            out[b] = i

    return out

Setup

import numpy_indexed as npi
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from timeit import timeit
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from numba import njit
from scipy import sparse

res = pd.DataFrame(
       index=['chris', 'chris2', 'chris3', 'divakar', 'divakar2', 'user545424', 'user2699', 'sacul', 'piRSquared'],
       columns=[10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000, 50000, 100000, 500000],
       dtype=float
)

k = 5

for f in res.index:
    for c in res.columns:
        bins = np.random.randint(0, k, c)
        k = 5
        vals = np.random.rand(c)
        df = pd.DataFrame({'bins': bins, 'vals': vals})
        stmt = '{}(df)'.format(f) if f in {'chris2'} else '{}(bins, vals, k)'.format(f)
        setp = 'from __main__ import bins, vals, k, df, {}'.format(f)
        res.at[f, c] = timeit(stmt, setp, number=50)

ax = res.div(res.min()).T.plot(loglog=True)
ax.set_xlabel("N");
ax.set_ylabel("time (relative)");

plt.show()

Results

Results with a much larger k (This is where broadcasting gets hit hard):

res = pd.DataFrame(
       index=['chris', 'chris2', 'chris3', 'divakar', 'divakar2', 'user545424', 'user2699', 'sacul', 'piRSquared'],
       columns=[10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000, 50000, 100000, 500000],
       dtype=float
)

k = 500

for f in res.index:
    for c in res.columns:
        bins = np.random.randint(0, k, c)
        vals = np.random.rand(c)
        df = pd.DataFrame({'bins': bins, 'vals': vals})
        stmt = '{}(df)'.format(f) if f in {'chris2'} else '{}(bins, vals, k)'.format(f)
        setp = 'from __main__ import bins, vals, df, k, {}'.format(f)
        res.at[f, c] = timeit(stmt, setp, number=50)

ax = res.div(res.min()).T.plot(loglog=True)
ax.set_xlabel("N");
ax.set_ylabel("time (relative)");

plt.show()

As is apparent from the graphs, broadcasting is a nifty trick when the number of groups is small, however the time complexity/memory of broadcasting increases too fast at higher k values to make it highly performant.

Answer 2

Here's one way by offsetting each group data so that we could use argsort on the entire data in one go -

def binargmax_scale_sort(bins, vals):
    w = np.bincount(bins)
    valid_mask = w!=0
    last_idx = w[valid_mask].cumsum()-1
    scaled_vals = bins*(vals.max()+1) + vals
    #unique_bins = np.flatnonzero(valid_mask) # if needed
    return len(bins) -1 -np.argsort(scaled_vals[::-1], kind='mergesort')[last_idx]

Answer 3

Okay, here's my linear-time entry, using only indexing and np.(max|min)inum.at. It assumes bins go up from 0 to max(bins).

def via_at(bins, vals):
    max_vals = np.full(bins.max()+1, -np.inf)
    np.maximum.at(max_vals, bins, vals)
    expanded = max_vals[bins]
    max_idx = np.full_like(max_vals, np.inf)
    np.minimum.at(max_idx, bins, np.where(vals == expanded, np.arange(len(bins)), np.inf))
    return max_vals, max_idx