Error: The processing instruction target matching "[xX][mM][lL]" is not allowed

Question

This error,

The processing instruction target matching "[xX][mM][lL]" is not allowed

occurs whenever I run an XSLT page that begins as follows:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="windows-1256"?> 
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
  <xsl:include href="../header.xsl"/>
  <xsl:template match="/">
    <xsl:call-template name="pstyle"/>
    <xsl:call-template name="Validation"/>
    <xsl:variable name="strLang">
      <xsl:value-of select="//lang"/>
    </xsl:variable>
    <!-- ////////////// Page Title ///////////// -->
    <title>
        <xsl:value-of select="//ListStudentFinishedExam.Title"/>
    </title>

Note: I removed any leading spaces before the first line, but the error still occurs!

Answer 1

Xerces-based tools will emit the following error

The processing instruction target matching "[xX][mM][lL]" is not allowed.

when an XML declaration is encountered anywhere other than at the top of an XML file.

This is a valid diagnostic message; other XML parsers should issue a similar error message in this situation.

To correct the problem, check the following possibilities:

1. Some blank space or other visible content exists before the <?xml ?> declaration.

   Resolution: remove blank space or any other visible content before the XML declaration.

2. Some invisible content exists before the <?xml ?> declaration. Most commonly this is a Byte Order Mark (BOM).

   Resolution: Remove the BOM using techniques such as those suggested by the W3C page on the BOM in HTML.

3. A stray <?xml ?> declaration exists within the XML content. This can happen when XML files are combined programmatically or via cut-and-paste. There can only be one <?xml ?> declaration in an XML file, and it can only be at the top.

   Resolution: Search for <?xml in a case-insensitive manner, and remove all but the top XML declaration from the file.

Answer 2

Debug your XML file. Either there is space or added extra or fewer tags.

For better understanding build the project through the command line. Windows: gradlew build

In my case, AndroidManifest.xml has a blank space at the very first line

<Empty Row> // This Creates the issue 
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>