Duplicate symbol error associated with const char * [] declaration

Question

I'd love help diagnosing the source of a duplicate symbol error that I'm receiving when I try to compile with g++ 4.2.1.

The specific error is

ld: duplicate symbol _SOCIODEM_FILENAMES in /var/folders/c+/c+eq1Qz1Feye7vxs5mQOUE+++TI/-Tmp-//ccP3yVgF.o and /var/folders/c+/c+eq1Qz1Feye7vxs5mQOUE+++TI/-Tmp-//cc1NqtRL.o 
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

The error occurs only when I include this declaration in a file called Parameters.h:

// Parameters.h

#ifndef PARAMETERS_H
#define PARAMETERS_H

// ...[code snipped]...
const int NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES = 5;
const char * SOCIODEM_FILENAMES[ NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES ] = { "LSPAN_PDF.txt", 
     "FLEDGE_PDF.txt", 
     "PAIR_PDF.txt", 
     "BIRTH_AGE_PDF.txt",  
     "SPLIT_PDF.txt"  };
// ...[code snipped]...
#endif

I've searched all my files, and this is the only place where SOCIODEM_FILENAMES is declared. When I comment out the declaration, the 'duplicate symbol' error goes away.

I'm unfamiliar with linker errors (if that's what this is) and would appreciate help troubleshooting the problem. All my header files have #ifndef...#define...#endif wrappers. My compile command is

g++ -o a.out -I /Applications/boost_1_42_0/ Host.cpp Simulation.cpp main.cpp Rdraws.cpp

Thanks in advance.

---

Solution summary

I now have in Parameters.h:

const char * const SOCIODEM_FILENAMES[ NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES ] = { "LSPAN_PDF.txt", 
                 "FLEDGE_PDF.txt", 
                 "PAIR_PDF.txt", 
                 "BIRTH_AGE_PDF.txt",  
                 "SPLIT_PDF.txt"  };

All other definitions and declarations in Parameters.h are unchanged. Andrey and other commenters summarize an alternative approach using extern, which is overkill for my purposes.

Answer 1

For some reason none of the answers so far cared to explain the difference between your integer NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES object and array SOCIODEM_FILENAMES object. The latter triggers the linker error for the reasons already explained: because you include you header file into multiple implementation files. Yet, the former would link without any problems (because there are indeed no problems with NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES declaration). Why?

The reason for this is that your NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES object is declared const. In C++ const objects have internal linkage by default, meaning that they do not cause linking problems even if they are defined in multiple implementation files. In other words, in C++ your NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES is equivalent to

static const int NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES = 5; /* internal linkage */

which is why it does not lead to any linking problems.

At the same time your SOCIODEM_FILENAMES is not declared constant, which is why it gets external linkage by default and eventually leads to linker errors. But if you declare your SOCIODEM_FILENAMES as const as well, the problem will go away

const char * const SOCIODEM_FILENAMES[ NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES ] = {
  ...

Note where the extra const is placed in the declaration. If you just add that extra const and leave everything else as is (i.e. keep the definition if SOCIODEM_FILENAMES in the header file), the linker will not report the error even if you include your header file into multiple translation units.

This is not a recommended approach though, since that way you will give your SOCIODEM_FILENAMES internal linkage and end up with a standalone copy of SOCIODEM_FILENAMES array in each translation unit - something that might work fine but still makes very little sense. So, for your array, it is normally better to use the extern approach recommended in other answers.

However, note that you shouldn't normally do it for NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES declaration!!! It is fine as it is, defined in the header file. Unless you are trying to do something unusual, scalar constants should normally be defined with initializer in the header files - that way they can be seen as compile-time constants in all translation units, which is a rather valuable thing to have. So, beware of the strange advice present in some other answers to move the definition of NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES into .cpp file as well - this actually makes no sense and is a totally wrong thing to do.

Answer 2

Most likely, you are #includeing this file in multiple source files. The problem is that each inclusion results in a separate definition for a variable named SOCIODEM_FILENAMES. Include guards do not help with this. Include guards prevent multiple declarations within a single compilation unit; they do not prevent multiple definitions across several compilation units.

What you need to do is declare these variables as extern in the header, and then define them in exactly one source file. e.g.

// Parameters.h

#ifndef PARAMETERS_H
#define PARAMETERS_H

// ...[code snipped]...
extern const int NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES;
extern const char * SOCIODEM_FILENAMES[];
// ...[code snipped]...
#endif

and then:

// Parameters.cpp (or some other source file)

const int NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES = 5;    
const char * SOCIODEM_FILENAMES[ NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES ] = { "LSPAN_PDF.txt", 
                 "FLEDGE_PDF.txt", 
                 "PAIR_PDF.txt", 
                 "BIRTH_AGE_PDF.txt",  
                 "SPLIT_PDF.txt"  };

You can get away with not doing this for the int because it is a constant integer, and so the compiler can just treat it as a compile-time constant, and it will never even show up in the compiled code. However, the char* cannot be treated this way, and so must have exactly one definition (known as the "one definition rule" in C++).

Answer 3

The header guard (#ifndef..#endif wrapper) just prevents you from including the same header multiple times in a single source file. You can still have multiple source files that include that header, and each one will declare that symbol separately. Since they all have the same name, linking those sources together will cause a symbol name collision. You probably want to declare the symbol in a source file instead of a header file

Answer 4

The problem is you are putting a definition in a header file. If you include that file in more than one compilation unit (.cpp file) you will be in effect creating multiple definitions and at link time you will get that error.

You need to put both those definitions in a .cpp file and put only a declaration in the header file:

extern const int NUM_SOCIODEM_FILES;
extern const char * SOCIODEM_FILENAMES[];