I have an HTML document, which loads content from a PHP file using an AJAX call. The important bit of my code is below:
default.html :
/*more code above*/
var PHP_URL = "content.php";
var Content = document.getElementById('Content');
ajaxRequest = new XMLHttpRequest();
ajaxRequest.onreadystatechange =
    function() {
        if(ajaxRequest.readyState==4) {
            if (ajaxRequest.status==200)
                Content.innerHTML = ajaxRequest.responseText;
            else
                Content.innerHTML = "Error:<br/>unable to load page at <b>"+PHP_URL+"</b>";
            Content.className = "Content Solid";
        }
    }
ajaxRequest.open("GET",PHP_URL,true);
ajaxRequest.send();
/*more code below*/
Is it possible for the file at 'content.php' to detect that it has been called from 'default.html', or a different calling document as necessary?
Most well-known Ajax frameworks like jQuery and mooTools add a specific header which you can check with PHP:
if (strcasecmp('XMLHttpRequest', $_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']) === 0)
{
    // Ajax Request
}
                        I guess the best would be to set a request header in your AJAX call, such as
st.setRequestHeader('X-Sent-From','default.html')
then in content.php,
$sentFrom=$_SERVER['HTTP_X_SENT_FROM']; // outputs default.html
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