compiler stack overflow on template code

Question

While working on my own type erasure iterator, I ran into an issue where the compiler (MSVC10) crashed with a stack overflow on this code:

struct base {};  //In actual code, this is a template struct that holds data
template<class category, class valuetype>  
    struct any;  //In actual code, this is abstract base struct
template<class basetype, class category, class valuetype> 
    struct from; //In actual code, this is function definitions of any

template<class valuetype>
struct any<void,valuetype>
{ void a() {} };
template<class category, class valuetype>  
struct any
    : public any<void,valuetype> //commenting this line makes it compile
{ void b() {} };        

template<class basetype, class valuetype>
struct from<basetype,void,valuetype>
    : public base  //commenting out _either_ of these makes it compile
    , public any<void,valuetype>
{ void c() {} };

int main() {
    from<int, void, char> a;
    a.a();
    a.c();
    any<int, char> b;
    b.a();
    b.b();
    return 0;
}

Obviously, I've removed everything I can where the bug remains. (Origional code was 780+ lines) Removing any remaining template parameters causes the code to compile.

The full error message is:

main.cpp(23): fatal error C1063: compiler limit : compiler stack overflow
    main.cpp(20) : see reference to class template instantiation 'from<basetype,void,valuetype>' being compiled

IDEOne compiles it fine. I've heard that MSVC implemented two-phase lookup wrong, which seems relevant, but doesn't explain why it compiles when I remove the line that makes from inherit from base. Can anyone teach me why MSVC10 won't compile this? What did I do that I should be avoiding?

Answer 1

As a workaround, consider introducing an additional class between the unspecialized any and the specialization with category = void:

template <class valuetype>
class detail_void_any
    : public any<void, valuetype>
{
};


template<class category, class valuetype>
class any
    : public detail_void_any<valuetype>
{
};

The following complete program should compile without error:

class base {};      // Data Holder (in reality it's templated, so required)
template<class category, class valuetype>  
        class any;  // Virtual Function Interface
template<class basetype, class category, class valuetype> 
        class from; // Virtual Function Implementation

template<class valuetype>
class any<void,valuetype>
{};


template <class valuetype>
class detail_void_any
    : public any<void, valuetype>
{
};

template<class category, class valuetype>
class any
    : public detail_void_any<valuetype>
{
};

template<class basetype, class valuetype>
class from<basetype,void,valuetype>
        : public base  //commenting out _either_ of these makes it compile
        , public any<void,valuetype>
{}; //this is line 23, where the compiler crashes

int main() {return 0;}

Answer 2

Well I give up but I did manage to generate a warning:

template <typename T1, typename T2>
class Any; // forward

template <typename T2>
class Any<void, T2> // partial spec of forward
{};

template <typename T1, typename T2>
class Any: // template definition
    public Any<void, T2> // inherit from partial spec
{};

template <typename T1, typename T2>
class From :
    public Any<int, T2>, // inherit definition
    public Any<void, T2> // inherit definition or partial spec?
    // with spec first we get fatal error C1063: compiler limit : compiler stack overflow (CRASH!)
    // with definition first we get warning C4584: 'From<T1,T2>' : base-class 'Any<void,T2>' is already a base-class of 'Any<int,T2>'
{};

int main()
{
    return 0;
}