Interesting paper from Trinity College of Dublin:
AES Encryption Implementation and Analysis
on Commodity Graphics Processing Units
Their technique uses openGL to enlist the GPU to do the numeric transforms required by AES.
How difficult would it be to expose this capability - performing stream encryption - via a managed .NET library?
How would I get started? Hints? Examples?
EDIT: Anyone have experiences to relate using CUDA or Accelerator?
You could use Microsoft's Accelerator library. It gives you access to the GPU through .NET.
After looking into the work required more, this is a pretty non-trivial thing to do (unless you like re-writing AES algorithms). It is possible however.
There may be other C# API's out there, but one I came across was Bouncy Castle API. What you would have to do is take Microsoft's Accelerator API and use it anywhere a math operation is performed within the source code of the AES algorithm.
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