C++ static constexpr field with incomplete type

Question

I'm trying to compile this code, but g++ complains about ZERO having an incomplete type. Does this mean that in C++ a struct cannot contain a static constexpr instance of itself? If so, why?

struct Cursor {     size_t row,column;      static constexpr Cursor ZERO {0,0};     //error: constexpr const Cursor Cursor::ZERO has incomplete type }; 

EDIT: I understand that Cursor cannot have a complete type when I declare ZERO. What I'd like to know is: is there any way I can have ZERO belonging to Cursor and still being constexpr?

Answer 1

Unfortunately, you simply cannot do this!

Some static constexpr members may be initialised inline:

[C++11 9.4.2/3]: [..] A static data member of literal type can be declared in the class definition with the constexpr specifier; if so, its declaration shall specify a brace-or-equal-initializer in which every initializer-clause that is an assignment-expression is a constant expression. [..]

Cursor is a literal type, so this counts.

And the use of Cursor itself as a static data member within its own type is not a problem, as long as you initialise it at lexical namespace scope:

[C++11: 9.4.2/2]: The declaration of a static data member in its class definition is not a definition and may be of an incomplete type other than cv-qualified void. The definition for a static data member shall appear in a namespace scope enclosing the member’s class definition. In the definition at namespace scope, the name of the static data member shall be qualified by its class name using the :: operator. The initializer expression in the definition of a static data member is in the scope of its class (3.3.7).

But you can't do that with constexpr:

[C++11: 7.1.5/9]: A constexpr specifier used in an object declaration declares the object as const. Such an object shall have literal type and shall be initialized. [..]

I think all of this wording could be improved but, in the meantime, I think you're going to have to make ZERO a non-member in the enclosing namespace.

Answer 2

is there any way I can have ZERO belonging to Cursor and still being constexpr?

Yes, if you count nested subclasses as "belonging to" the containing class:

struct Cursor {     size_t row,column;      struct Constants; };  struct Cursor::Constants {     static constexpr Cursor ZERO {0,0}; };