Best way to structure a tkinter application?

Question

The following is the overall structure of my typical python tkinter program.

def funA():
    def funA1():
        def funA12():
            # stuff

    def funA2():
        # stuff

def funB():
    def funB1():
        # stuff

    def funB2():
        # stuff

def funC():
    def funC1():
        # stuff

    def funC2():
        # stuff


root = tk.Tk()

button1 = tk.Button(root, command=funA)
button1.pack()
button2 = tk.Button(root, command=funB)
button2.pack()
button3 = tk.Button(root, command=funC)
button3.pack()

funA funB and funC will bring up another Toplevel windows with widgets when user click on button 1, 2, 3.

I am wondering if this is the right way to write a python tkinter program? Sure, it will work even if I write this way, but is it the best way? It sounds stupid but when I see the codes other people written, their code is not messed up with bunch of functions and mostly they have classes.

Is there any specific structure that we should follow as good practice? How should I plan before start writing a python program?

I know there is no such thing as best practice in programming and I am not asking for it either. I just want some advice and explanations to keep me on the right direction as I am learning Python by myself.

Answer 1

I advocate an object oriented approach. This is the template that I start out with:

# Use Tkinter for python 2, tkinter for python 3
import tkinter as tk

class MainApplication(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, *args, **kwargs):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent, *args, **kwargs)
        self.parent = parent

        <create the rest of your GUI here>

if __name__ == "__main__":
    root = tk.Tk()
    MainApplication(root).pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
    root.mainloop()

The important things to notice are:

• I don't use a wildcard import. I import the package as "tk", which requires that I prefix all commands with tk.. This prevents global namespace pollution, plus it makes the code completely obvious when you are using Tkinter classes, ttk classes, or some of your own.

• The main application is a class. This gives you a private namespace for all of your callbacks and private functions, and just generally makes it easier to organize your code. In a procedural style you have to code top-down, defining functions before using them, etc. With this method you don't since you don't actually create the main window until the very last step. I prefer inheriting from tk.Frame just because I typically start by creating a frame, but it is by no means necessary.

If your app has additional toplevel windows, I recommend making each of those a separate class, inheriting from tk.Toplevel. This gives you all of the same advantages mentioned above -- the windows are atomic, they have their own namespace, and the code is well organized. Plus, it makes it easy to put each into its own module once the code starts to get large.

Finally, you might want to consider using classes for every major portion of your interface. For example, if you're creating an app with a toolbar, a navigation pane, a statusbar, and a main area, you could make each one of those classes. This makes your main code quite small and easy to understand:

class Navbar(tk.Frame): ...
class Toolbar(tk.Frame): ...
class Statusbar(tk.Frame): ...
class Main(tk.Frame): ...

class MainApplication(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, *args, **kwargs):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent, *args, **kwargs)
        self.statusbar = Statusbar(self, ...)
        self.toolbar = Toolbar(self, ...)
        self.navbar = Navbar(self, ...)
        self.main = Main(self, ...)

        self.statusbar.pack(side="bottom", fill="x")
        self.toolbar.pack(side="top", fill="x")
        self.navbar.pack(side="left", fill="y")
        self.main.pack(side="right", fill="both", expand=True)

Since all of those instances share a common parent, the parent effectively becomes the "controller" part of a model-view-controller architecture. So, for example, the main window could place something on the statusbar by calling self.parent.statusbar.set("Hello, world"). This allows you to define a simple interface between the components, helping to keep coupling to a minimun.

Answer 2

Putting each of your top-level windows into it's own separate class gives you code re-use and better code organization. Any buttons and relevant methods that are present in the window should be defined inside this class. Here's an example (taken from here):

import tkinter as tk

class Demo1:
    def __init__(self, master):
        self.master = master
        self.frame = tk.Frame(self.master)
        self.button1 = tk.Button(self.frame, text = 'New Window', width = 25, command = self.new_window)
        self.button1.pack()
        self.frame.pack()
    def new_window(self):
        self.newWindow = tk.Toplevel(self.master)
        self.app = Demo2(self.newWindow)

class Demo2:
    def __init__(self, master):
        self.master = master
        self.frame = tk.Frame(self.master)
        self.quitButton = tk.Button(self.frame, text = 'Quit', width = 25, command = self.close_windows)
        self.quitButton.pack()
        self.frame.pack()
    def close_windows(self):
        self.master.destroy()

def main(): 
    root = tk.Tk()
    app = Demo1(root)
    root.mainloop()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Also see:

• simple hello world from tkinter docs
• Tkinter example code for multiple windows, why won't buttons load correctly?
• Tkinter: How to Show / Hide a Window

Hope that helps.