There are six important white-space characters: the word space, the nonbreaking space, the tab, the hard line break, the carriage return, and the hard page break. Each white-space character has a distinct function.
For example, the common whitespace symbol U+0020 SPACE (also ASCII 32) represents a blank space punctuation character in text, used as a word divider in Western scripts.
There is an alternative to numerous for spacing. It is the PRE tag. The PRE tag is used to show the text in the exact same way as it is written inside the HTML document.
Yes, many.
Including, but not limited to:
 
or  
 
(no character reference available)
 
(no character reference available)
 
or  
 
or  
 
or
 
or  
 
or  
 
or  
 
or  
 
or  
span{background-color: red;}
<table>
<tr><td>non breaking space:</td><td> <span> </span> or <span> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td>narrow no-break space:</td><td> <span> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td>en space:</td><td> <span> </span> or <span> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td>em space:</td><td> <span> </span> or <span> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td>3-per-em space:</td><td> <span> </span> or <span> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td>4-per-em space:</td><td> <span> </span> or <span> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td>6-per-em space:</td><td> <span> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td>figure space:</td><td> <span> </span> or <span> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td>punctuation space:</td><td> <span> </span> or <span> </td></tr>
<tr><td>thin space:</td><td> <span> </span> or <span> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td>hair space:</td><td> <span> </span> or <span> </span></td></tr>
</table>
There are codes for other space characters, and the codes as such work well, but the characters themselves are legacy character. They have been included into character sets only due to their presence in existing character data, rather than for use in new documents. For some combinations of font and browser version, they may cause a generic glyph of unrepresentable character to be shown. For details, check my page about Unicode spaces.
So using CSS is safer and lets you specify any desired amount of spacing, not just the specific widths of fixed-width spaces. If you just want to have added spacing around your h2 elements, as it seems to me, then setting padding on those elements (changing the value of the padding: 0 settings that you already have) should work fine.
Not sure if this is what you're referring to, but this is the list of HTML entities you can use:
List of XML and HTML character entity references
Using the content within the 'Name' column you can just wrap these in an &
and ;
E.g.
,  
, etc.
What about normal encoded white-space character?
 
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