Android: App is rejected by Google because of background location

Question

I have issues with my app recently, when it is out of nowhere rejected by Google Play because they found that I'm using background location. But in fact I'm not using this feature. I have only ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION and ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION permissions and I'm using FusedLocationProviderClient to get location in my app. This location is requested only by user action inside app, so if its in background, this is never called. I checked merged manifest feature and I tried to find if some of my imported libs are using background location permission, but I didn't find anything. Also I preventively added <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION" tools:node="remove"/> to my manifest to block any background location permission requests. I dont have any background services which are working with location at all. The only background service is FirebaseMessagingService for push notifications.

Anyone have this problem recently?

UPDATE:

I checked merged manifest in my app and I couldn't find ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission there. But I found some services which could trigger background location but I'm not sure. They are part of Firebase Crashlytics and they are probably used to send data to Firebase and they could work in a background. But I don't think they are sending any location. Also they are part of firebase plugin which is from Google.

 <service
        android:name="com.google.android.datatransport.runtime.scheduling.jobscheduling.JobInfoSchedulerService"
        android:exported="false"
        android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE" >
    </service>

    <receiver
        android:name="com.google.android.datatransport.runtime.scheduling.jobscheduling.AlarmManagerSchedulerBroadcastReceiver"
        android:exported="false" />

UPDATE #2:

This is code I'm using to get location.

MainActivity:

     /**
     * Updating location every second/1 meter
     */
    var currLocation: GpsLocation? = null
    private var locationManager : LocationManager? = null
    private fun initLocationManager() {
        if (app.hasLocationPermission){
            locationManager = getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE) as LocationManager
        }
        changeLocationUpdaters(true)
    }

    private fun changeLocationUpdaters(isEnabled: Boolean){
        if (ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(
                        this@MainActivity,
                        Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
                && ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(
                        this@MainActivity,
                        Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
            locationManager?.apply{
                if (isEnabled && app.hasLocationPermission){
                    requestLocationUpdates(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER, LOCATION_UPDATE_TIME_INTERVAL, LOCATION_UPDATE_DIST_INTERVAL, this@MainActivity)
                    requestLocationUpdates(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER, LOCATION_UPDATE_TIME_INTERVAL, LOCATION_UPDATE_DIST_INTERVAL, this@MainActivity)
                } else {
                    removeUpdates(this@MainActivity)
                }
            }
        } else {
            return
        }
    }

Then removing location updaters when app is in background:

override fun onPause() {
  super.onPause()
  changeLocationUpdaters(false)
}

override fun onResume() {
  super.onResume()
  changeLocationUpdaters(true)
}

Then I use FusedLocationProvider inside Fragment to get more accurate location. Its used only by calling function so its not automated like previous one. Its used in GoogleMap classes and also in some onClick events inside app to return current location. There is no service or updater calling it.

private inner class LocationCb(val lp: FusedLocationProviderClient,
                                   val onFailure: (()->Unit)? = null,
                                   val onSuccess: (GpsLocation)->Unit)
        : LocationCallback() {

        init {
            val lr = LocationRequest.create().apply {
                priority = LocationRequest.PRIORITY_HIGH_ACCURACY
                interval = 200
            }
            val lsr = LocationSettingsRequest.Builder().run {
                addLocationRequest(lr)
                build()
            }
            val check = LocationServices.getSettingsClient(activity!!).checkLocationSettings(lsr)
            check.addOnCompleteListener {
                try {
                    check.getResult(ApiException::class.java)
                    val task = lp.requestLocationUpdates(lr, this, Looper.getMainLooper())
                    task.addOnFailureListener {
                        onFailure?.invoke()
                    }
                } catch (e: ApiException) {
                    when (e.statusCode) {
                        LocationSettingsStatusCodes.RESOLUTION_REQUIRED-> if(!locationResolutionAsked){
                            // Location settings are not satisfied. But could be fixed by showing the user a dialog.
                            try {
                                // Cast to a resolvable exception.
                                val re = e as ResolvableApiException
                                // Show the dialog by calling startResolutionForResult(), and check the result in onActivityResult().
                                re.startResolutionForResult(mainActivity, MainActivity.REQUEST_LOCATION_SETTINGS)
                                locationResolutionAsked = true
                            } catch (e: Exception) {
                                e.printStackTrace()
                            }
                        }
                        LocationSettingsStatusCodes.SETTINGS_CHANGE_UNAVAILABLE->{
                            App.warn("Location is not available")
                            onFailure?.invoke()
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        fun cancel(){
            lp.removeLocationUpdates(this)
            currLocCb = null
        }

        override fun onLocationResult(lr: LocationResult) {
            cancel()
            val ll = lr.lastLocation
            onSuccess(GpsLocation(ll.longitude, ll.latitude))
        }
    }

This location provider is cancelled after result is returned so its one-time use only. But Ive added similar cancellation method inside onPause and onStop for Fragment than it is in MainActivity to make sure that its inactive when app is in background.

override fun onStop() {
   super.onStop()
   currLocCb?.cancel()
}

override fun onPause() {
   super.onPause()
   currLocCb?.cancel()
}

Answer 1

Merged manifest may not contain all permissions

Unfortunately, not all libraries publish a manifest that contains all necessary <uses-permission> elements. That means, that simply checking your merged AndroidManifest.xml won't help much - you will have to check documentation for each library to find out which permissions it really needs, or just add necessary permissions to your own AndroidManifest.xml preemptively.

Background permission limitation for API 29

You also mentioned that your target SDK is 29. So, according to the official documentation here, you have to set the permission in your AndroidManifest.xml explicitly, if it's needed. Previously, it was granted automatically, if the app had foreground location access (basically, ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION and ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION).

On Android 10 (API level 29) and higher, you must declare the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission in your app's manifest in order to request background location access at runtime. On earlier versions of Android, when your app receives foreground location access, it automatically receives background location access as well.

So, for older versions, your app was granted ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION automatically, because it was granted ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION and ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION beforehand.

Requesting location in background requires ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION

Additionally, even if you or any of your libraries do not set ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION anywhere, the system will still consider that your app is using background location for any situation except:

An activity that belongs to your app is visible.

Your app is running a foreground service. When a foreground service is running, the system raises user awareness by showing a persistent notification. Your app retains access when it's placed in the background, such as when the user presses the Home button on their device or turns their device's display off.

Conclusion

What the latter means is that may have a library or libraries that need ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION, but it's not present in their AndroidManifest.xml for whatever reason. It used to work for API < 29 because your app was granted the permission automatically (due to foreground location permission).

Also, now, the system considers any usage of current location a background location if it's done outside of your visible Activity or not in a Foreground Service. So, make sure that you're not doing so in any part of your app.

Update

Based on your updated question, you are requesting a current location within OnCompleteListener by calling lp.requestLocationUpdates:

...
        check.addOnCompleteListener {
            try {
                check.getResult(ApiException::class.java)
                val task = lp.requestLocationUpdates(lr, this, Looper.getMainLooper())
                task.addOnFailureListener {
                    onFailure?.invoke()
                }
...

This can be a problem (I cannot be sure because you don't show how the class is used within your app) because the app may go to the background before OnCompleteListener completes, and so the location will be requested in the background.

As stated in the previous section, by doing so the system considers that you need a background location permissions to do so. So, you must unsubscribe your callback OnCompleteListener if your app goes to background.

You could use another version of addOnCompleteListener that also accept your Activity instance as shown here

public Task addOnCompleteListener (Activity activity, OnCompleteListener listener)

In this case, the listener will be automatically removed during Activity.onStop().