Advantages of conditional-preprocessor over conditional statements

Question

I have never worked with #if, #ifdef, #ifndef, #else, #elif and #endif.

As I was going through some source-codes, I found an extensive use of these directives. Did some reading on conditional-preprocessors but found no clue like how are they different from normal conditional statements. So I was wondering what is the advantage of following code:

#include<iostream>
int main()
{
    int i = 0;

    #if i == 0
         std::cout<<"This";
    #else
         std::cout<<"That";
    #endif
    return 0;
}

over this:

#include<iostream>
int main()
{
    int i = 0;

    if (i == 0)
         std::cout<<"This";
    else
         std::cout<<"That";
    return 0;
}

Also, when to-use/not-to-use conditional-preprocessor?

Answer 1

Conditional preprocessor doesn't work like in your first example.

It's working with constants, you see? At compile time, it looks at the various conditions and puts in/omits source code according to it.

For example:

#define HAS_COMPARISON

int main() {
    #ifdef HAS_COMPARISON
        int i = 0;
        if(i == 0) std::cout << "This";
        else
    #else
        std::cout << "That";
    #endif
}

With the define set, it will set the variable i and perform the comparison...in short, it will output This. If you comment that define, the entire block will not be in your program which means that it will always output That, without ever setting the variable or doing the comparison.

That's the most common use of preprocessor defines. You can also define values and compare those to have variable behaviour with the same define, but that's another issue.

Once more: Conditional preprocessor is evaluated at compile time, variable conditions are evaluated at runtime.

Answer 2

The example you showed doesn't seem helpful due to lack of other information. But here's an example that #if is useful.

#if OS == LINUX
//do something
#elif OS == SOLARIS
//do something else
#else
//
#endif

The key is that #if is evaluated in compile time, but if is evaluated when program runs.

#if BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN
//do something
#else
//do something else
#endif

Answer 3

The use of the preprocessor directives in this case is not entirely useful. But the use of these preprocessor directives is useful in many other cases.

These preprocessor directives can be used for conditional compilation. e.g. If some program has to be developed for multiple platforms then platform-specific constants can be given values. Changing these values compilation specific to the platform can be done while the whole code can be maintained as one big entity.

These are also useful while debugging. Test units can be compiled into the code and ran by using these conditional compilations while debugging and they can be stopped from compiling using these.