Zend Framework and Doctrine 2 - are my unit tests sufficient?

Question

I'm quite new to Zend and unit testing in general. I have come up with a small application that uses Zend Framework 2 and Doctrine. It has only one model and controller and I want to run some unit tests on them.

Here's what I have so far:

Base doctrine 'entity' class, containing methods I want to use in all of my entities:

<?php
/**
 * Base entity class containing some functionality that will be used by all
 * entities 
 */

namespace Perceptive\Database;

use Zend\Validator\ValidatorChain;

class Entity{

    //An array of validators for various fields in this entity
    protected $validators;

    /**
     * Returns the properties of this object as an array for ease of use. Will
     * return only properties with the ORM\Column annotation as this way we know
     * for sure that it is a column with data associated, and won't pick up any
     * other properties. 
     * @return array 
     */
    public function toArray(){
      //Create an annotation reader so we can read annotations
      $reader = new \Doctrine\Common\Annotations\AnnotationReader();

      //Create a reflection class and retrieve the properties
      $reflClass = new \ReflectionClass($this);
      $properties = $reflClass->getProperties();

      //Create an array in which to store the data
      $array = array();

      //Loop through each property. Get the annotations for each property
      //and add to the array to return, ONLY if it contains an ORM\Column
      //annotation.
      foreach($properties as $property){
        $annotations = $reader->getPropertyAnnotations($property);
        foreach($annotations as $annotation){
          if($annotation instanceof \Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Column){
            $array[$property->name] = $this->{$property->name};
          }
        }
      }

      //Finally, return the data array to the user
      return $array;
    }

    /**
     * Updates all of the values in this entity from an array. If any property
     * does not exist a ReflectionException will be thrown.
     * @param array $data
     * @return \Perceptive\Database\Entity 
     */
    public function fromArray($data){
      //Create an annotation reader so we can read annotations
      $reader = new \Doctrine\Common\Annotations\AnnotationReader();

      //Create a reflection class and retrieve the properties
      $reflClass = new \ReflectionClass($this);

      //Loop through each element in the supplied array
      foreach($data as $key=>$value){
          //Attempt to get at the property - if the property doesn't exist an
          //exception will be thrown here.
          $property = $reflClass->getProperty($key);

          //Access the property's annotations
          $annotations = $reader->getPropertyAnnotations($property);

          //Loop through all annotations to see if this is actually a valid column
          //to update.
          $isColumn = false;
          foreach($annotations as $annotation){
            if($annotation instanceof \Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Column){
              $isColumn = true;
            }
          }

          //If it is a column then update it using it's setter function. Otherwise,
          //throw an exception.
          if($isColumn===true){
            $func = 'set'.ucfirst($property->getName());
            $this->$func($data[$property->getName()]);
          }else{
            throw new \Exception('You cannot update the value of a non-column using fromArray.');
          }
      }

      //return this object to facilitate a 'fluent' interface.
      return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Validates a field against an array of validators. Returns true if the value is
     * valid or an error string if not.
     * @param string $fieldName The name of the field to validate. This is only used when constructing the error string
     * @param mixed $value
     * @param array $validators
     * @return boolean|string 
     */
    protected function setField($fieldName, $value){
      //Create a validator chain
      $validatorChain = new ValidatorChain();
      $validators = $this->getValidators();

      //Try to retrieve the validators for this field
      if(array_key_exists($fieldName, $this->validators)){
        $validators = $this->validators[$fieldName];
      }else{
        $validators = array();
      }

      //Add all validators to the chain
      foreach($validators as $validator){
        $validatorChain->attach($validator);
      }

      //Check if the value is valid according to the validators. Return true if so,
      //or an error string if not.
      if($validatorChain->isValid($value)){
        $this->{$fieldName} = $value;
        return $this;
      }else{
        $err = 'The '.$fieldName.' field was not valid: '.implode(',',$validatorChain->getMessages());
        throw new \Exception($err);
      }
    }
}

My 'config' entity, which represents a one-row table containing some configuration options:

<?php
/**
 * @todo: add a base entity class which handles validation via annotations
 * and includes toArray function. Also needs to get/set using __get and __set
 * magic methods. Potentially add a fromArray method?
 */
namespace Application\Entity;

use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;
use Zend\Validator;
use Zend\I18n\Validator as I18nValidator;
use Perceptive\Database\Entity;


/** 
 * @ORM\Entity
 * @ORM\HasLifecycleCallbacks
 */
class Config extends Entity{
    /** 
     * @ORM\Id
     * @ORM\Column(type="integer")
     */
    protected $minLengthUserId;

    /** 
     * @ORM\Id
     * @ORM\Column(type="integer") 
     */
    protected $minLengthUserName;

    /** 
     * @ORM\Id
     * @ORM\Column(type="integer") 
     */
    protected $minLengthUserPassword;

    /** 
     * @ORM\Id
     * @ORM\Column(type="integer") 
     */
    protected $daysPasswordReuse;

    /** 
     * @ORM\Id
     * @ORM\Column(type="boolean") 
     */
    protected $passwordLettersAndNumbers;

    /** 
     * @ORM\Id
     * @ORM\Column(type="boolean") 
     */
    protected $passwordUpperLower;

    /** 
     * @ORM\Id
     * @ORM\Column(type="integer") 
     */
    protected $maxFailedLogins;

    /** 
     * @ORM\Id
     * @ORM\Column(type="integer") 
     */
    protected $passwordValidity;

    /** 
     * @ORM\Id
     * @ORM\Column(type="integer") 
     */
    protected $passwordExpiryDays;

    /** 
     * @ORM\Id
     * @ORM\Column(type="integer") 
     */
    protected $timeout;

    // getters/setters
    /**
     * Get the minimum length of the user ID
     * @return int 
     */
    public function getMinLengthUserId(){
        return $this->minLengthUserId;
    }

    /**
     * Set the minmum length of the user ID
     * @param int $minLengthUserId
     * @return \Application\Entity\Config This object
     */
    public function setMinLengthUserId($minLengthUserId){
        //Use the setField function, which checks whether the field is valid,
        //to set the value.
        return $this->setField('minLengthUserId', $minLengthUserId);
    }

    /**
     * Get the minimum length of the user name
     * @return int 
     */
    public function getminLengthUserName(){
      return $this->minLengthUserName;
    }

    /**
     * Set the minimum length of the user name
     * @param int $minLengthUserName
     * @return \Application\Entity\Config 
     */
    public function setMinLengthUserName($minLengthUserName){
      //Use the setField function, which checks whether the field is valid,
      //to set the value.
      return $this->setField('minLengthUserName', $minLengthUserName);
    }

    /**
     * Get the minimum length of the user password
     * @return int 
     */
    public function getMinLengthUserPassword(){
      return $this->minLengthUserPassword;
    }

    /**
     * Set the minimum length of the user password
     * @param int $minLengthUserPassword
     * @return \Application\Entity\Config 
     */
    public function setMinLengthUserPassword($minLengthUserPassword){
      //Use the setField function, which checks whether the field is valid,
      //to set the value.
      return $this->setField('minLengthUserPassword', $minLengthUserPassword);
    }

    /**
     * Get the number of days before passwords can be reused
     * @return int 
     */
    public function getDaysPasswordReuse(){
      return $this->daysPasswordReuse;
    }

    /**
     * Set the number of days before passwords can be reused
     * @param int $daysPasswordReuse
     * @return \Application\Entity\Config 
     */
    public function setDaysPasswordReuse($daysPasswordReuse){
      //Use the setField function, which checks whether the field is valid,
      //to set the value.
      return $this->setField('daysPasswordReuse', $daysPasswordReuse);
    }

    /**
     * Get whether the passwords must contain letters and numbers
     * @return boolean 
     */
    public function getPasswordLettersAndNumbers(){
      return $this->passwordLettersAndNumbers;
    }

    /**
     * Set whether passwords must contain letters and numbers
     * @param int $passwordLettersAndNumbers
     * @return \Application\Entity\Config 
     */
    public function setPasswordLettersAndNumbers($passwordLettersAndNumbers){
      //Use the setField function, which checks whether the field is valid,
      //to set the value.
      return $this->setField('passwordLettersAndNumbers', $passwordLettersAndNumbers);
    }

    /**
     * Get whether password must contain upper and lower case characters
     * @return type 
     */
    public function getPasswordUpperLower(){
      return $this->passwordUpperLower;
    }

    /**
     * Set whether password must contain upper and lower case characters
     * @param type $passwordUpperLower
     * @return \Application\Entity\Config 
     */
    public function setPasswordUpperLower($passwordUpperLower){
      //Use the setField function, which checks whether the field is valid,
      //to set the value.
      return $this->setField('passwordUpperLower', $passwordUpperLower);
    }

    /**
     * Get the number of failed logins before user is locked out
     * @return int 
     */
    public function getMaxFailedLogins(){
      return $this->maxFailedLogins;
    }

    /**
     * Set the number of failed logins before user is locked out
     * @param int $maxFailedLogins
     * @return \Application\Entity\Config 
     */
    public function setMaxFailedLogins($maxFailedLogins){
      //Use the setField function, which checks whether the field is valid,
      //to set the value.
      return $this->setField('maxFailedLogins', $maxFailedLogins);
    }

    /**
     * Get the password validity period in days
     * @return int 
     */
    public function getPasswordValidity(){
      return $this->passwordValidity;
    }

    /**
     * Set the password validity in days
     * @param int $passwordValidity
     * @return \Application\Entity\Config 
     */
    public function setPasswordValidity($passwordValidity){
      //Use the setField function, which checks whether the field is valid,
      //to set the value.
      return $this->setField('passwordValidity', $passwordValidity);
    }

    /**
     * Get the number of days prior to expiry that the user starts getting
     * warning messages
     * @return int 
     */
    public function getPasswordExpiryDays(){
      return $this->passwordExpiryDays;
    }

    /**
     * Get the number of days prior to expiry that the user starts getting
     * warning messages
     * @param int $passwordExpiryDays
     * @return \Application\Entity\Config 
     */
    public function setPasswordExpiryDays($passwordExpiryDays){
      //Use the setField function, which checks whether the field is valid,
      //to set the value.
      return $this->setField('passwordExpiryDays', $passwordExpiryDays);
    }

    /**
     * Get the timeout period of the application
     * @return int 
     */
    public function getTimeout(){
      return $this->timeout;
    }

    /**
     * Get the timeout period of the application
     * @param int $timeout
     * @return \Application\Entity\Config 
     */
    public function setTimeout($timeout){
      //Use the setField function, which checks whether the field is valid,
      //to set the value.
      return $this->setField('timeout', $timeout);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a list of validators for each column. These validators are checked
     * in the class' setField method, which is inherited from the Perceptive\Database\Entity class
     * @return array
     */
    public function getValidators(){
      //If the validators array hasn't been initialised, initialise it
      if(!isset($this->validators)){
        $validators = array(
            'minLengthUserId' => array(
                new I18nValidator\Int(),
                new Validator\GreaterThan(1),
            ),
            'minLengthUserName' => array(
                new I18nValidator\Int(),
                new Validator\GreaterThan(2),
            ),
            'minLengthUserPassword' => array(
                new I18nValidator\Int(),
                new Validator\GreaterThan(3),
            ),
            'daysPasswordReuse' => array(
                new I18nValidator\Int(),
                new Validator\GreaterThan(-1),
            ),
            'passwordLettersAndNumbers' => array(
                new I18nValidator\Int(),
                new Validator\GreaterThan(-1),
                new Validator\LessThan(2),
            ),
            'passwordUpperLower' => array(
                new I18nValidator\Int(),
                new Validator\GreaterThan(-1),
                new Validator\LessThan(2),
            ),
            'maxFailedLogins' => array(
                new I18nValidator\Int(),
                new Validator\GreaterThan(0),
            ),
            'passwordValidity' => array(
                new I18nValidator\Int(),
                new Validator\GreaterThan(1),
            ),
            'passwordExpiryDays' => array(
                new I18nValidator\Int(),
                new Validator\GreaterThan(1),
            ),
            'timeout' => array(
                new I18nValidator\Int(),
                new Validator\GreaterThan(0),
            )
        );
        $this->validators = $validators;
      }

      //Return the list of validators
      return $this->validators;
    }

    /**
     * @todo: add a lifecyle event which validates before persisting the entity.
     * This way there is no chance of invalid values being saved to the database.
     * This should probably be implemented in the parent class so all entities know
     * to validate.
     */
}

And my controller, which can read from and write to the entity:

<?php
/**
 * A restful controller that retrieves and updates configuration information
 */
namespace Application\Controller;

use Zend\Mvc\Controller\AbstractRestfulController;
use Zend\View\Model\JsonModel;

class ConfigController extends AbstractRestfulController
{
    /**
     * The doctrine EntityManager for use with database operations
     * @var \Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager
     */
    protected $em;

    /**
     * Constructor function manages dependencies
     * @param \Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager $em 
     */
    public function __construct(\Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager $em){
      $this->em = $em;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves the configuration from the database 
     */
    public function getList(){
      //locate the doctrine entity manager
      $em = $this->em;

      //there should only ever be one row in the configuration table, so I use findAll
      $config = $em->getRepository("\Application\Entity\Config")->findAll();

      //return a JsonModel to the user. I use my toArray function to convert the doctrine
      //entity into an array - the JsonModel can't handle a doctrine entity itself.
      return new JsonModel(array(
        'data' => $config[0]->toArray(),
      ));
    }

    /**
     * Updates the configuration
     */
    public function replaceList($data){
      //locate the doctrine entity manager
      $em = $this->em;

      //there should only ever be one row in the configuration table, so I use findAll
      $config = $em->getRepository("\Application\Entity\Config")->findAll();

      //use the entity's fromArray function to update the data
      $config[0]->fromArray($data);

      //save the entity to the database
      $em->persist($config[0]);
      $em->flush();

      //return a JsonModel to the user. I use my toArray function to convert the doctrine
      //entity into an array - the JsonModel can't handle a doctrine entity itself.
      return new JsonModel(array(
        'data' => $config[0]->toArray(),
      )); 
    }
}

Because of character limits on I was unable to paste in my unit tests, but here are links to my unit tests so far:

For the entity: https://github.com/hputus/config-app/blob/master/module/Application/test/ApplicationTest/Entity/ConfigTest.php

For the controller: https://github.com/hputus/config-app/blob/master/module/Application/test/ApplicationTest/Controller/ConfigControllerTest.php

Some questions:

• Am I doing anything obviously wrong here?
• In the tests for the entity, I am repeating the same tests for many different fields - is there a way to minimise this? Like have a standard battery of tests to run on integer columns for instance?
• In the controller I am trying to 'mock up' doctrine's entity manager so that changes aren't really saved into the database - am I doing this properly?
• Is there anything else in the controller which I should test?

Thanks in advance!

Answer 1

While your code appears to be solid enough, it presents a couple of design oversights.

First of all, Doctrine advise to treat entities like simple, dumb value objects, and states that the data they hold is always assumed to be valid.

This means that any business logic, like hydration, filtering and validation, should be moved outside entities to a separate layer.

Speaking of hydration, rather than implementing by yourself fromArray and toArray methods, you could use the supplied DoctrineModule\Stdlib\Hydrator\DoctrineObject hydrator, which can also blend flawlessly with Zend\InputFilter, to handle filtering and validation. This would make entity testing much much less verbose, and arguably not so needed, since you would test the filter separately.

Another important suggestion coming from Doctrine devs is to not inject an ObjectManager directly inside controllers. This is for encapsulation purposes: it is desirable to hide implementation details of your persistence layer to the Controller and, again, expose only an intermediate layer.

In your case, all this could be done by having a ConfigService class, designed by contract, which will only provide the methods you really need (i.e. findAll(), persist() and other handy proxies), and will hide the dependencies that are not strictly needed by the controller, like the EntityManager, input filters and the like. It will also contribute to easier mocking.

This way, if one day you would want to do some changes in your persistence layer, you would just have to change how your entity service implements its contract: think about adding a custom cache adapter, or using Doctrine's ODM rather than the ORM, or even not using Doctrine at all.

Other than that, your unit testing approach looks fine.

TL;DR

• You should not embed business logic inside Doctrine entities.
• You should use hydrators with input filters together.
• You should not inject the EntityManager inside controllers.
• An intermediate layer would help implementing these variations, preserving at the same time Model and Controller decoupling.