Work around SQL Server maximum columns limit 1024 and 8kb record size

Question

SQL Server Maximum Columns Limit

Bytes per short string column 8,000

Bytes per GROUP BY, ORDER BY 8,060

Bytes per row 8,060

Columns per index key 16

Columns per foreign key 16

Columns per primary key 16

Columns per nonwide table 1,024

Columns per wide table 30,000

Columns per SELECT statement 4,096

Columns per INSERT statement 4096

Columns per UPDATE statement (Wide Tables) 4096

When you combine varchar, nvarchar, varbinary, sql_variant, or CLR user-defined type columns that exceed 8,060 bytes per row, consider the following:

Surpassing the 8,060-byte row-size limit might affect performance because SQL Server still maintains a limit of 8 KB per page. When a combination of varchar, nvarchar, varbinary, sql_variant, or CLR user-defined type columns exceeds this limit, the SQL Server Database Engine moves the record column with the largest width to another page in the ROW_OVERFLOW_DATA allocation unit, while maintaining a 24-byte pointer on the original page. Moving large records to another page occurs dynamically as records are lengthened based on update operations. Update operations that shorten records may cause records to be moved back to the original page in the IN_ROW_DATA allocation unit. Also, querying and performing other select operations, such as sorts or joins on large records that contain row-overflow data slows processing time, because these records are processed synchronously instead of asynchronously.

Therefore, when you design a table with multiple varchar, nvarchar, varbinary, sql_variant, or CLR user-defined type columns, consider the percentage of rows that are likely to flow over and the frequency with which this overflow data is likely to be queried. If there are likely to be frequent queries on many rows of row-overflow data, consider normalizing the table so that some columns are moved to another table. This can then be queried in an asynchronous JOIN operation.

• The length of individual columns must still fall within the limit of 8,000 bytes for varchar, nvarchar, varbinary, sql_variant, and CLR user-defined type columns. Only their combined lengths can exceed the 8,060-byte row limit of a table.
• The sum of other data type columns, including char and nchar data, must fall within the 8,060-byte row limit. Large object data is also exempt from the 8,060-byte row limit.
• The index key of a clustered index cannot contain varchar columns that have existing data in the ROW_OVERFLOW_DATA allocation unit. If a clustered index is created on a varchar column and the existing data is in the IN_ROW_DATA allocation unit, subsequent insert or update actions on the column that would push the data off-row will fail. For more information about allocation units, see Table and Index Organization.
• You can include columns that contain row-overflow data as key or nonkey columns of a nonclustered index.
• The record-size limit for tables that use sparse columns is 8,018 bytes. When the converted data plus existing record data exceeds 8,018 bytes, MSSQLSERVER ERROR 576 is returned. When columns are converted between sparse and nonsparse types, Database Engine keeps a copy of the current record data. This temporarily doubles the storage that is required for the record. .
• To obtain information about tables or indexes that might contain row-overflow data, use the sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats dynamic management function.

Creating table with n number of columns and datatype Nvarchar

CREATE Proc [dbo].[CreateMaxColTable_Nvarchar500]
(@TableName nvarchar(100),@NumofCols int)
AS
BEGIN

DECLARE @i INT
DECLARE @MAX INT
DECLARE @SQL VARCHAR(MAX)
DECLARE @j VARCHAR(10)
DECLARE @len int
SELECT @i=1
SELECT @MAX=@NumofCols
SET @SQL='CREATE TABLE ' + @TableName + '('

WHILE @i<=@MAX

BEGIN
select @j= cast(@i as varchar)
SELECT @SQL= @SQL+'X'+@j  +' NVARCHAR(500) , '
SET @i = @i + 1
END
select @len=len(@SQL)

select  @SQL = substring(@SQL,0,@len-1)


SELECT @SQL= @SQL+ ' )'

exec (@SQL)

END

For more information you can visit these links:

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms186981%28SQL.105%29.aspx?PHPSESSID=tn8k5p1s508cop8gr43e1f34d2

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143432.aspx

But please could you tell the scenario why do you need a table with so much columns? I think you should consider about the re-design of the database.

This simply isn't possible. See Inside the Storage Engine: Anatomy of a record

Assuming your table is something like this.

CREATE TABLE T1(
    col_1 varchar(8000) NULL,
    col_2 varchar(8000) NULL,
    /*....*/
    col_999 varchar(8000) NULL,
    col_1000 varchar(8000) NULL
) 

Then even a row with all NULL values will use the following storage.

• 1 byte status bits A
• 1 byte status bits B
• 2 bytes column count offset
• 125 bytes NULL_BITMAP (1 bit per column for 1,000 columns)

So that is a guaranteed 129 bytes used up already (leaving 7,931).

If any of the columns have a value that is not either NULL or an empty string then you also need space for

• 2 bytes variable length column count (leaving 7,929).
• Anywhere between 2 - 2000 bytes for the column offset array.
• The data itself.

The column offset array consumes 2 bytes per variable length column except if that column and all later columns are also zero length. So updating col_1000 would force the entire 2000 bytes to be used whereas updating col_1 would just use 2 bytes.

So you could populate each column with 5 bytes of data and when taking into account the 2 bytes each in the column offset array that would add up to 7,000 bytes which is within the 7,929 remaining.

However the data you are storing is 102 bytes (51 nvarchar characters) so this can be stored off row with a 24 byte pointer to the actual data remaining in row.

FLOOR(7929/(24 + 2)) = 304

So the best case would be that you could store 304 columns of this length data and that is if you are updating from col_1, col_2, .... If col_1000 contains data then the calculation is

FLOOR(5929/24) = 247

For NTEXT the calculation is similar except it can use a 16 byte pointer which would allow you to squeeze data into a few extra columns

FLOOR(7929/(16 + 2)) = 440

The need to follow all these off row pointers for any SELECT against the table would likely be highly detrimental to performance.

Script to test this

DROP TABLE T1

/* Create table with 1000 columns*/
DECLARE @CreateTableScript nvarchar(max) = 'CREATE TABLE T1('

SELECT @CreateTableScript += 'col_' + LTRIM(number) + ' VARCHAR(8000),'
FROM master..spt_values
WHERE type='P' AND number BETWEEN 1 AND 1000
ORDER BY number

SELECT @CreateTableScript += ')'

EXEC(@CreateTableScript)

/* Insert single row with all NULL*/
INSERT INTO T1 DEFAULT VALUES


/*Updating first 304 cols succeed. Change to 305 and it fails*/
DECLARE @UpdateTableScript nvarchar(max) = 'UPDATE T1 SET  '

SELECT @UpdateTableScript += 'col_' + LTRIM(number) + ' = REPLICATE(1,1000),'
FROM master..spt_values
WHERE type='P' AND number BETWEEN 1 AND 304
ORDER BY number

SET @UpdateTableScript = LEFT(@UpdateTableScript,LEN(@UpdateTableScript)-1)
EXEC(@UpdateTableScript)

Having table with 1.000 columns tells you that there is something very wrong in database design.

I have inherited project in which one of the tables had more than 500 columns and after more than one year I am still unable to significantly reduce it, because I will have to rework 90% of the application.

So redesign your DB before it is too late.

Max Columns per 'nonwide' table: 1,024 Max Columns per 'wide' table: 30,000

Although what is exactly the case you require this number per single table ? It's highly recommended to partition your table vertically several times to get better performance and easier development.

Creating table with n number of columns and datatype Nvarchar

CREATE Proc [dbo].[CreateMaxColTable_Nvarchar500]
(@TableName nvarchar(100),@NumofCols int)
AS
BEGIN

DECLARE @i INT
DECLARE @MAX INT
DECLARE @SQL VARCHAR(MAX)
DECLARE @j VARCHAR(10)
DECLARE @len int
SELECT @i=1
SELECT @MAX=@NumofCols
SET @SQL='CREATE TABLE ' + @TableName + '('

WHILE @i<=@MAX

BEGIN
select @j= cast(@i as varchar)
SELECT @SQL= @SQL+'A'+@j  +' NVARCHAR(500) , '
SET @i = @i + 1
END
select @len=len(@SQL)

select  @SQL = substring(@SQL,0,@len-1)


SELECT @SQL= @SQL+ ' )'

exec (@SQL)

END