Why is ++x a lvalue and x++ a rvalue? [duplicate]

Question

So I've been reading up on lvalue and rvalues and I'm a bit confused about the difference between ++x and x++ when it comes to this categorization.

Why is ++x a lvalue and x++ a rvalue?

Answer 1

++x returns a reference to the object you incremented, where as x++ returns a temporary copy of x's old value.

At least this would be the "normal" way by to implement these operators by convention. And all built-in types work this way. And if you've read about lvalues / rvalues then you would see that since the prefix operator returns the named object itself it would be an lvalue, where as the postfix operator returns a copy of a local temporary, which would then qualify as an rvalue.

Note: Also, we have prvalues, xvalues and such now, so it's technically a bit more complicated these days. Look here for more info.

Answer 2

C++ (as opposed to C) is a devoted lvalue-preserving language: it strives to painstakingly preserve the "lvalueness" of an expression whenever it is possible.

• It is very easy to preserve the "lvalueness" of pre-increment: just increment the operand and return it as an lvalue. Done. The returned lvalue will contain exactly the result it is supposed to contain: the new (incremented) value of the operand.

• And at the same time it is virtually impossible to preserve "lvalueness" of post-increment: by definition, the result of post-increment is the old (original) value of the operand. If you attempt to return an lvalue from post-increment, you will have to somehow simultaneously ensure two things: 1) the lvalue is incremented, 2) the calling code sees the old value when it looks into that same lvalue (!). This combination of requirements is so contradictory that is basically impossible to implement in C++ object model.

  In order to implement the proper post-increment behavior one has to make sure that the calling code does not look directly into the operand, but rather looks into some conceptual or physical "proxy" that makes the calling code to "see" the old value of the operand. That proxy might be a temporary object that holds the old value. Or that proxy might be something that generates the old value on the fly by subtracting 1 from the new value. In any case, that proxy is what prevents the calling code from accessing the original lvalue.

This is why C++ takes advantage of the easily achievable opportunity to preserve "lvalueness" of pre-increment, but concedes to the impossibility to achieve the same with post-increment. In case of post-increment it is just not worth the effort to deviate from classic standard C behavior, which tends to discard "lvalueness" quickly and happily.

Answer 3

Maybe writing down the workings in pseudo-code of the operators for int makes it more clear:

prefix:

int& Prefix(int& val)
{
  int& value = val;
  value += 1;
  return value;
}

postfix:

int Postfix(int& val)
{
  int oldValue = val;
  val += 1;
  return oldValue; 
}

The difference is in what is returned by the two operators, one by value and one by reference.