Why is the != operator not allowed with OpenMP?

Question

I was trying to compile the following code:

#pragma omp parallel shared (j) {    #pragma omp for schedule(dynamic)    for(i = 0; i != j; i++)    {       // do something    } } 

but I got the following error: error: invalid controlling predicate.

The OpenMP standard states that for parallel for constructor it "only" allows one of the following operators: <, <=, > >=.

I do not understand the rationale for not allowing i != j. I could understand, in the case of the static schedule, since the compiler needs to pre-compute the number of iterations assigned to each thread. But I can't understand why this limitation in such case for example. Any clues?

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EDIT: even if I make for(i = 0; i != 100; i++), although I could just have put "<" or "<=" .

Answer 1

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I sent an email to OpenMP developers about this subject, the answer I got:

For signed int, the wrap around behavior is undefined. If we allow !=, programmers may get unexpected tripcount. The problem is whether the compiler can generate code to compute a trip count for the loop.

For a simple loop, like:

for( i = 0; i < n; ++i ) 

the compiler can determine that there are 'n' iterations, if n>=0, and zero iterations if n < 0.

For a loop like:

for( i = 0; i != n; ++i )  

again, a compiler should be able to determine that there are 'n' iterations, if n >= 0; if n < 0, we don't know how many iterations it has.

For a loop like:

for( i = 0; i < n; i += 2 ) 

the compiler can generate code to compute the trip count (loop iteration count) as floor((n+1)/2) if n >= 0, and 0 if n < 0.

For a loop like:

for( i = 0; i != n; i += 2 ) 

the compiler can't determine whether 'i' will ever hit 'n'. What if 'n' is an odd number?

For a loop like:

for( i = 0; i < n; i += k ) 

the compiler can generate code to compute the trip count as floor((n+k-1)/k) if n >= 0, and 0 if n < 0, because the compiler knows that the loop must count up; in this case, if k < 0, it's not a legal OpenMP program.

For a loop like:

for( i = 0; i != n; i += k ) 

the compiler doesn't even know if i is counting up or down. It doesn't know if 'i' will ever hit 'n'. It may be an infinite loop.

Credits: OpenMP ARB

Answer 2

Contrary to what it may look like, schedule(dynamic) does not work with dynamic number of elements. Rather the assignment of iteration blocks to threads is what is dynamic. With static scheduling this assignment is precomputed at the beginning of the worksharing construct. With dynamic scheduling iteration blocks are given out to threads on the first come, first served basis.

The OpenMP standard is pretty clear that the amount of iteratons is precomputed once the workshare construct is encountered, hence the loop counter may not be modified inside the body of the loop (OpenMP 3.1 specification, §2.5.1 - Loop Construct):

The iteration count for each associated loop is computed before entry to the outermost loop. If execution of any associated loop changes any of the values used to compute any of the iteration counts, then the behavior is unspecified.

The integer type (or kind, for Fortran) used to compute the iteration count for the collapsed loop is implementation defined.

A worksharing loop has logical iterations numbered 0,1,...,N-1 where N is the number of loop iterations, and the logical numbering denotes the sequence in which the iterations would be executed if the associated loop(s) were executed by a single thread. The schedule clause specifies how iterations of the associated loops are divided into contiguous non-empty subsets, called chunks, and how these chunks are distributed among threads of the team. Each thread executes its assigned chunk(s) in the context of its implicit task. The chunk_size expression is evaluated using the original list items of any variables that are made private in the loop construct. It is unspecified whether, in what order, or how many times, any side-effects of the evaluation of this expression occur. The use of a variable in a schedule clause expression of a loop construct causes an implicit reference to the variable in all enclosing constructs.

The rationale behind these relational operator restriction is quite simple - it provides clear indication on what is the direction of the loop, it alows easy computation of the number of iterations, and it provides similar semantics of the OpenMP worksharing directive in C/C++ and Fortran. Also other relational operations would require close inspection of the loop body in order to understand how the loop goes which would be unaceptable in many cases and would make the implementation cumbersome.

OpenMP 3.0 introduced the explicit task construct which allows for parallelisation of loops with unknown number of iterations. There is a catch though: tasks introduce some severe overhead and the one task per loop iteration only makes sense if these iterations take quite some time to be executed. Otherwise the overhead would dominate the execution time.