Why doesn't returning by ref work for elements of collections?

Question

The following example of returning by reference is from What’s New in C# 7.0:

public ref int Find(int number, int[] numbers) {     for (int i = 0; i < numbers.Length; i++)     {         if (numbers[i] == number)         {             return ref numbers[i]; // return the storage location, not the value         }     }     throw new IndexOutOfRangeException($"{nameof(number)} not found"); } 

That compiles without any problems (as you'd expect as it's copied from the Microsoft blog).

I've written this one:

private static ref int GetReference(string searchTerm) {     var passwords = new Dictionary<string, int>     {         {"password", 1},         {"123456", 2},         {"12345678", 3},         {"1234", 4},         {"qwerty", 5},         {"12345", 6},         {"dragon", 7}     };      return ref passwords[searchTerm]; } 

This one doesn't compile though; it gives the following error:

CS8156 An expression cannot be used in this context because it may not be returned by reference

Why does returning from an array work, but returning from a collection doesn't?

Answer 1

In C#, ref works for:

• Variables (local or parameters)
• Fields
• Array locations

ref doesn't work for:

• Properties
• Events
• Local variables in the case of C# 7 return by ref

Note that for fields and array locations, it doesn't matter how you're accessing the array. That is, return ref numbers[i]; doesn't hold on to numbers, but to the array it points to. Quite unlike return ref numbers;, which could only work if numbers was a field.

However, you're using ref on a Dictionary<,>'s index property, it's simply not a supported expression for ref to begin with (i.e. you can't pass ref passwords[searchTerm] as an argument even before C# 7), much less to return by ref.