I have been toying around with PyUSB lately, and found that it works beautifully on Linux (Ubuntu has libusb 0.1 and 1.0, as well as OpenUSB)... but only if I run the program with root privileges (with sudo
, of course).
Can anyone tell me why it requires elevated privileges and, more importantly, if I can change the permissions somehow to make it work for normal user accounts?
You can change the permissions of your usb device node by creating a udev rule.
e.g. I added the following line to a file in /etc/udev/rules.d/
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ENV{DEVTYPE}=="usb_device", MODE="0664", GROUP="usbusers"
This sets the owner of the device node to root:usbusers
rather than root:root
After adding myself to the usbusers
group, I can access the device.
See the answer that I gave here:
How can I comunicate with this device using pyusb?
Namely:
Set up a udev rules file for the specific device that you want normal users to be able to access. This will define the vendor id, the product id and a group.
The vendor and product id's can be found using the lsusb
command.
1. Create a udev rules file
ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", ATTRS{idVendor}=="171b", ATTRS{idProduct}=="2001", MODE="660", GROUP="plugdev"
Put this in a file called (for example) /lib/udev/rules.d/50-YourSoftwareName.rules (dig around in man udev for file naming rules)
NOTE: The old naming convention used /etc/udev/rules.d/filename.rules, that has changed.
2. add the user names to the plugdev group
adduser username plugdev
3. force the udev system to see your changes
sudo udevadm control --reload
(that is minus minus reload)sudo udevadm trigger
4. unplug and replug the device or reboot your machine
The end result should be that all members of the group plugdev will now be able to access the device.
EDIT:
Note that on some systems the group plugdev
may not be the group that you need. It can also be the group input
in my experience, depending on what you are plugging in.
libusb
allows you to manipulate arbitrary USB devices in arbitrary ways. You could format an external USB harddisk, for example.
In general, all direct hardware access requires root
privileges, although I guess that actually full root
privileges are not required, you should be fine with just CAP_SYS_RAWIO
.
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