Why does C# allow multiple inheritance though interface extension methods but not classes? [closed]

Question

I've checked through other questions and surprisingly this question doesn't seem to have been asked. With Extension methods, interfaces provide limited but true implementation multiple inheritance. This brings with it the Diamond problem, the same as with class based multiple inheritance. Why is this better or more acceptable than class based multiple inheritance that so many people seem to find so horrifying? It actually seems a much worse way of implementing multiple inheritance as extension methods can't go in the interface itself or even a class that implements the interface but can end up scattered over multiple static utility classes.

Eric Lippert in his blog (5 Oct 2009 9:29 AM) seemed open to the idea of extension properties and even mentions the possibility of extension events, extension operators, extension constructors (also known as "the factory pattern"). So implementation through interfaces could be further extended.

Edit: To clarify if a class inherits from two interfaces that both have an extension method of the same name and type parameters then it will produce a compile error if a method is called with out explicitly naming the interface. Having thought about this I was mistaken as this is not the Diamond problem. However thinking about this raises the question of what is so important about the Diamond problem as opposed to other ambiguities? Why is the Diamond problem such a difficulty, that it can it not be picked up with a simple compile error the same as when interface extension methods class clash and are not implicitly resolvable? Even within class based multiple inheritance it is possible to have member signature clashes that are not Diamond based.

Answer 1

With extension methods, interfaces provide limited but true implementation multiple inheritance.

This sentence is the basis for the entire question but I cannot make heads nor tails of it, so it will be difficult to answer the question.

First off, let's clearly define "inheritance". When we say that a type D inherits from a type B, what we mean is that every member of B is also a member of D†. That is all that we mean by "inheritance" in C#.

A class (or struct) inherits members from exactly one(††) base class. A class may implement any number of interfaces; this is quite different from base class inheritance. A class is not required to have the same set of members that an interface it implements has, because the class can use explicit interface implementation to provide an implementation without making a member of the class. The explicit interface implementation is only accessible via the interface, and cannot be accessed in any other way, so it would be strange to think of it as a "member" of the class that is "inherited" from the interface.

An interface "inherits" members from any number of other interfaces. And technically, this can be thought of as inheritance; members of the base interfaces are members of the derived interface. But I wish that we had not described it like that in the specification; I think it would have been more clear to say that interfaces do not inherit from base interfaces; rather, an interface can require the implementation of other interfaces as part of its contract.

Now that we've got that out of the way, what about extension methods? Extension methods are not any kind of inheritance; the type that is extended does not get any new members. Extension methods are rather just a way to more pleasantly write a call to a static method.

This brings with it the Diamond problem, the same as with class based multiple inheritance

It is unclear what "this" refers to in that sentence. Are you referring to (1) classes implementing multiple interfaces, (2) interfaces inheriting from multiple interfaces, or (3) something about extension methods, or (4) something else entirely? I do not understand what the diamond problem has to do with your question. Can you clarify it?

Why is this better or more acceptable than class based multiple inheritance that so many people seem to find so horrifying?

Why is what better?

I'm not understanding this question at all but it seems like there is some kind of useful question in here somewhere. Can you clarify the question? Preferably with some short, simple example code that demonstrates what you're talking about.

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† Not every member. Constructors and destructors for example are members, but are not inheritable members. Private members are inherited but might not be accessible by name.

†† Except for object, which inherits from zero classes. Every other class inherits from exactly one class.