How is it that an executable can work on both AMD and Intel systems. Aren't AMD's and Intel's instruction sets different? How does the executable work on both? How exactly do they compile the files to work like that. And what exactly is the role of the OS in all this?
Software compatibility between AMD and Intel processors is near 100%. The biggest class of software that won't run on AMD systems is utility and information software designed specifically for Intel motherboards and processors. Of course with an AMD system you have no use for such.
AMD and Intel use the same instruction set. When you install windows on an AMD processor or an Intel processor, it doesn't "compile" code on the machine.
Yes, both AMD and Intel processors fully implement the IA-32 and x86–64 instruction sets, and can execute the same software. Depending on the speed of the CPU, one may execute software more quickly than the other, but both will work.
Are AMD GPUs Compatible With Intel CPUs? First and foremost, let's establish the basics: you absolutely can use an AMD GPU with an Intel CPU. The two companies may be competing in both the CPU and GPU hardware spaces, but that doesn't mean they won't work together inside of your PC build.
The only real difference between AMD and Intel at a given processor iteration is their implementation of the instruction sets they support. x86 (32 bit) and x64 (64 bit) are the two most common instruction sets for Intel and AMD processors.
The differences come in when Intel and AMD implement the instruction sets in their chips - but these implementations should have no effect on the instruction sets themselves. So if a program was compiled for an x64 processor, it can run on any processor that implements the x64 instruction set, which almost all modern Intel and AMD processors implement.
A great example of an implementation difference is the way that Intel likes to hyperthread cores whereas AMD likes to just add more cores. They do this for a multitude of reasons, such as power consumption and better concurrent processing, but it doesn't really impact if programs run because it doesn't change the instruction set. Another difference between Intel and AMD is the number of pipeline stages, which can affect speed.
Huge complexities come into play when operating systems are considered. Windows has huge libraries that programs have to use if they want to run on windows. The same goes for Linux and Mac OS X. Since these libraries aren't shared between operating systems, programs written on one operating system probably won't run on another.
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