I am a relative newbie in this area so I would appreciate your help. I am playing around with the mnist dataset. I took the code from http://g.sweyla.com/blog/2012/mnist-numpy/ but changed "images" to be 2 dimensional so that every image will be a feature vector. Then I ran PCA on the data and then SVM and checked the score. Everything seems to work fine, but I am getting the following warning and I am not sure why.
"DataConversionWarning: A column-vector y was passed when a 1d array was expected.\
Please change the shape of y to (n_samples, ), for example using ravel()."
I have tried several things but can't seem to get rid of this warning. Any suggestions? Here is the full code (ignore the missing indentations, seems like they got a little messed up copying the code here):
import os, struct
from array import array as pyarray
from numpy import append, array, int8, uint8, zeros, arange
from sklearn import svm, decomposition
#from pylab import *
#from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
def load_mnist(dataset="training", digits=arange(10), path="."):
"""
Loads MNIST files into 3D numpy arrays
Adapted from: http://abel.ee.ucla.edu/cvxopt/_downloads/mnist.py
"""
if dataset == "training":
fname_img = os.path.join(path, 'train-images.idx3-ubyte')
fname_lbl = os.path.join(path, 'train-labels.idx1-ubyte')
elif dataset == "testing":
fname_img = os.path.join(path, 't10k-images.idx3-ubyte')
fname_lbl = os.path.join(path, 't10k-labels.idx1-ubyte')
else:
raise ValueError("dataset must be 'testing' or 'training'")
flbl = open(fname_lbl, 'rb')
magic_nr, size = struct.unpack(">II", flbl.read(8))
lbl = pyarray("b", flbl.read())
flbl.close()
fimg = open(fname_img, 'rb')
magic_nr, size, rows, cols = struct.unpack(">IIII", fimg.read(16))
img = pyarray("B", fimg.read())
fimg.close()
ind = [ k for k in range(size) if lbl[k] in digits ]
N = len(ind)
images = zeros((N, rows*cols), dtype=uint8)
labels = zeros((N, 1), dtype=int8)
for i in range(len(ind)):
images[i] = array(img[ ind[i]*rows*cols : (ind[i]+1)*rows*cols ])
labels[i] = lbl[ind[i]]
return images, labels
if __name__ == "__main__":
images, labels = load_mnist('training', arange(10),"path...")
pca = decomposition.PCA()
pca.fit(images)
pca.n_components = 200
images_reduced = pca.fit_transform(images)
lin_classifier = svm.LinearSVC()
lin_classifier.fit(images_reduced, labels)
images2, labels2 = load_mnist('testing', arange(10),"path...")
images2_reduced = pca.transform(images2)
score = lin_classifier.score(images2_reduced,labels2)
print score
Thanks for the help!
I think scikit-learn expects y to be a 1-D array. Your labels
variable is 2-D - labels.shape
is (N, 1). The warning tells you to use labels.ravel()
, which will turn labels
into a 1-D array, with a shape of (N,).
Reshaping will also work:labels=labels.reshape((N,))
Come to think of it, so will calling squeeze:labels=labels.squeeze()
I guess the gotcha here is that in numpy, a 1-D array is different from a 2-D array with one of its dimensions equal to 1.
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