Short answer: a core OpenGL 3.3 profile. You'll get wide support across all major operating systems with this. OS X and Mesa will be your lowest-end target APIs, and they bottom out at GL 3.3 for the oldest and gimpiest.
OpenGL 4.6 (2017)
Users of older versions of OS X (and low-end Intel graphics) are still limited to OpenGL 2.0 and 2.1. Knowing OpenGL 2. x is nevertheless still useful, and will remain so for quite some time. Snow Leopard does support most extensions of OpenGL 3 - even geometry shaders.
I currently run a machine that allows me to program in OpenGL 2.1. If I were to make a program, should I use the power of the current OpenGL versions like 3.x/4.x or use 2.1?
On a side question: How can I tell what's the highest version of OpenGL my computer can run?
On another side question: does only upgrading my video card allow me to program in upgraded versions of OpenGL?
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