When to use a left outer join?

Question

I don't understand the concept of a left outer join, a right outer join, or indeed why we need to use a join at all! The question I am struggling with and the table I am working from is here: Link

Question 3(b)

Construct a command in SQL to solve the following query, explaining why it had to employ the (outer) join method. [5 Marks] “Find the name of each staff member and his/her dependent spouse, if any”

Question 3(c) -

Construct a command in SQL to solve the following query, using (i) the join method, and (ii) the subquery method. [10 Marks] “Find the identity name of each staff member who has worked more than 20 hours on the Computerization Project”

Can anyone please explain this to me simply?

Answer 1

Joins are used to combine two related tables together.

In your example, you can combine the Employee table and the Department table, like so:

SELECT FNAME, LNAME, DNAME FROM EMPLOYEE INNER JOIN DEPARTMENT ON EMPLOYEE.DNO=DEPARTMENT.DNUMBER 

This would result in a recordset like:

FNAME   LNAME   DNAME -----   -----   ----- John    Smith   Research John    Doe     Administration 

I used an INNER JOIN above. INNER JOINs combine two tables so that only records with matches in both tables are displayed, and they are joined in this case, on the department number (field DNO in Employee, DNUMBER in Department table).

LEFT JOINs allow you to combine two tables when you have records in the first table but might not have records in the second table. For example, let's say you want a list of all the employees, plus any dependents:

SELECT EMPLOYEE.FNAME as employee_first, EMPLOYEE.LNAME as employee_last, DEPENDENT.FNAME as dependent_last, DEPENDENT.LNAME as dependent_last FROM EMPLOYEE INNER JOIN DEPENDENT ON EMPLOYEE.SSN=DEPENDENT.ESSN 

The problem here is that if an employee doesn't have a dependent, then their record won't show up at all -- because there's no matching record in the DEPENDENT table.

So, you use a left join which keeps all the data on the "left" (i.e. the first table) and pulls in any matching data on the "right" (the second table):

SELECT EMPLOYEE.FNAME as employee_first, EMPLOYEE.LNAME as employee_last, DEPENDENT.FNAME as dependent_first, DEPENDENT.LNAME as dependent_last FROM EMPLOYEE LEFT JOIN DEPENDENT ON EMPLOYEE.SSN=DEPENDENT.ESSN 

Now we get all of the employee records. If there is no matching dependent(s) for a given employee, the dependent_first and dependent_last fields will be null.