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Is one more secure than the other?
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id_rsa. pub contains the public key of your RSA key pair. It may be used to allow you access the machine B over ssh without needing to enter password.
pub is your public key. Your identification has been saved in /Users/yourname/. ssh/id_rsa. Your public key has been saved in /Users/yourname/.
The default directory for SSH keys is ~/. ssh with the private key named id_rsa and the public key named id_rsa.
This right part of a public key (either "id_rsa. pub" or "id_dsa. pub") is just a comment and is usually filled with the < login>@< hostname> who generated the key. This in a way similar to the comment field from the SSH Public Key File Format (see RFC 4716).
id_rsa.pub and id_dsa.pub are the public keys for id_rsa and id_dsa.
If you are asking in relation to SSH, id_rsa is an RSA key and can be used with the SSH protocol 1 or 2, whereas id_dsa is a DSA key and can only be used with SSH protocol 2. Both are very secure, but DSA does seem to be the standard these days (assuming all your clients/servers support SSH 2).
Update: Since this was written DSA has been shown to be insecure. More information available in the answer below.
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