class C(object): def f(self): print self.__dict__ print dir(self) c = C() c.f()
output:
{} ['__class__', '__delattr__','f',....]
why there is not a 'f' in self.__dict__
dir()
does much more than look up __dict__
First of all, dir()
is a API method that knows how to use attributes like __dict__
to look up attributes of an object.
Not all objects have a __dict__
attribute though. For example, if you were to add a __slots__
attribute to your custom class, instances of that class won't have a __dict__
attribute, yet dir()
can still list the available attributes on those instances:
>>> class Foo(object): ... __slots__ = ('bar',) ... bar = 'spam' ... >>> Foo().__dict__ Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'Foo' object has no attribute '__dict__' >>> dir(Foo()) ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__slots__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'bar']
The same applies to many built-in types; list
s do not have a __dict__
attribute, but you can still list all the attributes using dir()
:
>>> [].__dict__ Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute '__dict__' >>> dir([]) ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__delslice__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__setslice__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']
dir()
does with instancesPython instances have their own __dict__
, but so does their class:
>>> class Foo(object): ... bar = 'spam' ... >>> Foo().__dict__ {} >>> Foo.__dict__.items() [('__dict__', <attribute '__dict__' of 'Foo' objects>), ('__weakref__', <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Foo' objects>), ('__module__', '__main__'), ('bar', 'spam'), ('__doc__', None)]
The dir()
method uses both these __dict__
attributes, and the one on object
to create a complete list of available attributes on the instance, the class, and on all ancestors of the class.
When you set attributes on a class, instances see these too:
>>> f = Foo() >>> f.ham Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'Foo' object has no attribute 'ham' >>> Foo.ham = 'eggs' >>> f.ham 'eggs'
because the attribute is added to the class __dict__
:
>>> Foo.__dict__['ham'] 'eggs' >>> f.__dict__ {}
Note how the instance __dict__
is left empty. Attribute lookup on Python objects follows the hierarchy of objects from instance to type to parent classes to search for attributes.
Only when you set attributes directly on the instance, will you see the attribute reflected in the __dict__
of the instance, while the class __dict__
is left unchanged:
>>> f.stack = 'overflow' >>> f.__dict__ {'stack': 'overflow'} >>> 'stack' in Foo.__dict__ False
dir()
doesn't just look up an object's __dict__
(which sometimes doesn't even exist), it will use the object's heritage (its class or type, and any superclasses, or parents, of that class or type) to give you a complete picture of all available attributes.
An instance __dict__
is just the 'local' set of attributes on that instance, and does not contain every attribute available on the instance. Instead, you need to look at the class and the class's inheritance tree too.
The function f
belongs to the dictionary of class C
. c.__dict__
yields attributes specific to the instance c
.
>>> class C(object): def f(self): print self.__dict__ >>> c = C() >>> c.__dict__ {} >>> c.a = 1 >>> c.__dict__ {'a': 1}
C.__dict__
would yield attributes of class C
, including function f
.
>>> C.__dict__ dict_proxy({'__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'C' objects>, '__module__': '__main__', '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'C' objects>, '__doc__': None, 'f': <function f at 0x0313C1F0>})
While an object can refer to an attribute of its class (and indeed all the ancestor classes), the class attribute so referred does not become part of the associated dict itself. Thus while it is legitimate access to function f
defined in class C
as c.f()
, it does not appear as an attribute of c
in c.__dict__
.
>>> c.a = 1 >>> c.__dict__ {'a': 1}
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