What makes me curious is that when you right click anywhere on RStudio, it has the option "inspect element". I suspect it has to do with Javascript, but unsure.
RStudio is written in the C++ programming language and uses the Qt framework for its graphical user interface. Work on RStudio started at around December 2010, and the first public beta version (v0. 92) was officially announced in February 2011.
So in conclusion: while R itself is mostly written in C (with hefty chunks in R and Fortran), R packages are mostly written in R (with hefty chunks written in C/C++).
It's a mix. The user interface is indeed based on web technology and is written primarily in Java, using GWT to transpile to JavaScript; the back end is mostly C++.
The source is hosted on GitHub, where you can see auto-generated language stats:
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