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What is the special case with the foreach/for loop that eliminates bounds checking? Also which bounds checking is it?
561
As a Java program is running, each time an array index is used it is checked to be sure that it is OK. This is called bounds checking, and is extremely important for catching errors.
Answer and Explanation: (a) Array bound checking is required to verify if an array element is inserted or retrieved from the bounds of the array. It is also termed as range checking or index checking. If it can not be managed properly the program may lead to an abnormal result.
In other words, since the question is about "safety features", Rust does require run-time bounds checking in safe code, unless the compiler is able to predict the result.
The foreach loop in C# iterates items in a collection, like an array or a list. It proves useful for traversing through each element in the collection and displaying them. The foreach loop is an easier and more readable alternative to for loop.
The standard
for(int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++) {
...
}
loop is the one that allows the JIT to safely remove array bounds checks (whether the index is within [0..length-1])
The foreach loop over arrays is equivalent to that standard for loop over arrays.
EDIT: As Robert Jeppesen points out:
This will be optimized if the array is local. If the array is accessible from other locations, bounds checking will still be performed. Reference: Array Bounds Check Elimination in the CLR
Thanks! Didn't know that myself.
84
SealedSun is right. Don't optimize the way you would in C++. JIT is quite smart to do the right thing for you. You can always code the loop in different ways and then inspect the IL code.
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int[] array = new int[100];
00000000 push edi
00000001 push esi
00000002 push eax
00000003 xor eax,eax
00000005 mov dword ptr [esp],eax
00000008 mov edx,64h
0000000d mov ecx,79174292h
00000012 call 49E73198
00000017 mov esi,eax
int sum = 0;
00000019 xor edx,edx
0000001b mov dword ptr [esp],edx
for(int index = 0; index < array.Length; index++)
0000001e mov edi,dword ptr [esi+4]
00000021 test edi,edi
00000023 jle 00000033
{
sum += array[index];
00000025 mov eax,dword ptr [esi+edx*4+8]
00000029 add dword ptr [esp],eax
for(int index = 0; index < array.Length; index++)
0000002c add edx,1
0000002f cmp edi,edx
00000031 jg 00000025
}
Console.WriteLine(sum.ToString());
00000033 mov esi,dword ptr [esp]
00000036 call 493765F8
0000003b push eax
0000003c mov ecx,esi
0000003e xor edx,edx
00000040 call 49E83A8B
00000045 mov edi,eax
00000047 mov edx,88h
0000004c mov ecx,1
00000051 call 49E731B0
00000056 mov esi,eax
00000058 cmp dword ptr [esi+70h],0
0000005c jne 00000068
0000005e mov ecx,1
00000063 call 4936344C
00000068 mov ecx,dword ptr [esi+70h]
0000006b mov edx,edi
0000006d mov eax,dword ptr [ecx]
0000006f call dword ptr [eax+000000D8h]
00000075 pop ecx
}
00000076 pop esi
00000077 pop edi
00000078 ret
Now if optimize the code the way you would in C++ you get the following:
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int[] array = new int[100];
00000000 push edi
00000001 push esi
00000002 push ebx
00000003 push eax
00000004 xor eax,eax
00000006 mov dword ptr [esp],eax
00000009 mov edx,64h
0000000e mov ecx,79174292h
00000013 call 49E73198
00000018 mov esi,eax
int sum = 0;
0000001a xor edx,edx
0000001c mov dword ptr [esp],edx
int length = array.Length;
0000001f mov ebx,dword ptr [esi+4]
for (int index = 0; index < length; index++)
00000022 test ebx,ebx
00000024 jle 0000003B
00000026 mov edi,dword ptr [esi+4]
{
sum += array[index];
00000029 cmp edx,edi <-- HERE
0000002b jae 00000082 <-- HERE
0000002d mov eax,dword ptr [esi+edx*4+8]
00000031 add dword ptr [esp],eax
for (int index = 0; index < length; index++)
00000034 add edx,1
00000037 cmp edx,ebx
00000039 jl 00000029
}
Console.WriteLine(sum.ToString());
0000003b mov esi,dword ptr [esp]
0000003e call 493765F8
00000043 push eax
00000044 mov ecx,esi
00000046 xor edx,edx
00000048 call 49E83A8B
0000004d mov edi,eax
0000004f mov edx,88h
00000054 mov ecx,1
00000059 call 49E731B0
0000005e mov esi,eax
00000060 cmp dword ptr [esi+70h],0
00000064 jne 00000070
00000066 mov ecx,1
0000006b call 4936344C
00000070 mov ecx,dword ptr [esi+70h]
00000073 mov edx,edi
00000075 mov eax,dword ptr [ecx]
00000077 call dword ptr [eax+000000D8h]
0000007d pop ecx
}
0000007e pop ebx
0000007f pop esi
00000080 pop edi
00000081 ret
00000082 call 4A12746B
00000087 int 3
By the way - here is the same with foreach statement:
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int[] array = new int[100];
00000000 push edi
00000001 push esi
00000002 push eax
00000003 xor eax,eax
00000005 mov dword ptr [esp],eax
00000008 mov edx,64h
0000000d mov ecx,79174292h
00000012 call 49E73198
00000017 mov esi,eax
int sum = 0;
00000019 xor edx,edx
0000001b mov dword ptr [esp],edx
for(int index = 0; index < array.Length; index++)
0000001e mov edi,dword ptr [esi+4]
00000021 test edi,edi
00000023 jle 00000033
{
sum += array[index];
00000025 mov eax,dword ptr [esi+edx*4+8]
00000029 add dword ptr [esp],eax
for(int index = 0; index < array.Length; index++)
0000002c add edx,1
0000002f cmp edi,edx
00000031 jg 00000025
}
Console.WriteLine(sum.ToString());
00000033 mov esi,dword ptr [esp]
00000036 call 493765F8
0000003b push eax
0000003c mov ecx,esi
0000003e xor edx,edx
00000040 call 49E83A8B
00000045 mov edi,eax
00000047 mov edx,88h
0000004c mov ecx,1
00000051 call 49E731B0
00000056 mov esi,eax
00000058 cmp dword ptr [esi+70h],0
0000005c jne 00000068
0000005e mov ecx,1
00000063 call 4936344C
00000068 mov ecx,dword ptr [esi+70h]
0000006b mov edx,edi
0000006d mov eax,dword ptr [ecx]
0000006f call dword ptr [eax+000000D8h]
00000075 pop ecx
}
00000076 pop esi
00000077 pop edi
00000078 ret
Don't try to optimize your code without numbers. As you can see JIT will do a lot for your if you don't stand in its way. Use profiler before you optimize. ALWAYS.
29
See this for details:
http://codebetter.com/blogs/david.hayden/archive/2005/02/27/56104.aspx
Basically, if you have a for loop, and you explicitly refer to IList.Count or Array.Length, the JIT will catch that, and skip the bounds checking. It makes it faster than precomputing the list length.
foreach on a list or array will do the same thing internally, I believe.
25
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