What is the difference between Java's equals() and C++'s operator ==?

Question

In a question regarding the use of typeid is C++, I suggested it could be used to compare types in objects comparison. I haven't seen it done much, but I had Java's equals in mind.

Looking into Java a bit more, this seems to be the case: Some say the actual classes of the two objects should be compared, and some say instanceof is the right tool to use, possibly with double dispatch. There are of course cases in which one of the two is definitively more suitable, but at least both options are considered.

In C++, OTOH, I could barely find code in which the actual types are compared. On most cases, double dispatch is used (with dynamic_cast), and I couldn't find anyone insisting a quick type comparison is the right thing to do at the beginning of the equality check.

I'm wondering why the problem of polymorphic type comparison has two acceptable solutions in Java, while in C++ only one seems to be considered the best practice? Are there significant technical differences, or just different approaches?

Note: My claims are based on impression, not concrete knowledge. If they are wrong and Java and C++ are indeed similar in that aspect - or different for reasons other than the above, it will obviously be an acceptable answer.

Answer 1

In Java, all types ultimately derive from Object, and Object defines a virtual function Object.equals(Object other), so you can compare anything with anything else, regardless of whether it makes sense or not. In C++, there is no univeral base, and there is no implicit definition of ==. == is normally only overridden when it makes sense, for comparing objects of the same type, and the compiler will complain if you write nonsense code. In cases where there is an inheritance hierarchy, it is, of course, up to the author to decide whether == makes sense (I usually doesn't, but there are a lot of exceptions), and if so, what it should mean with respect to comparing objects of different types. Within the hierarchy, or outside of it: it might make sense to support == between BigInteger and BigFloat, for example, even if the classes aren't related by inheritance.

The reason you don't see the problem discussed much in C++ is, of course, because you don't define == unless there's some logical meaning for it, and then you define it according to the logical meaning. In Java, you generally have to define equals regardless, so you have to "invent" some meaning, and you get discussion over what the invented meaning should be.

Answer 2

An obvious difference is that Java equals is a virtual method (since all Java methods are by default), so will do dynamic dispatch based on its target.

C++ operator== overloads are statically resolved, but it's easy to delegate to a virtual function if you want polymorphic behavior.

Except for the difference in polymorphism, all other behavior is completely up to the implementer of the particular type (or in the C++ case, the implementer of a freestanding operator==).