What is the default timezone for java.util.Calendar.?

Question

Code

public String testDate(){ 
      TimeZone.setDefault(TimeZone.getTimeZone("US/Eastern"));
      Calendar fromDate = Calendar.getInstance();
      Date date= new Date();
      System.out.println(fromDate);
      System.out.println(date);
}

My calendar variable shows a cdate value 2013-12-09T00:00:00.000Z and time value 1386649779590 while debugging the calendar variable below.

Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();

Complete Calendar details which i have seen while printing the object

System.out.println(cal);

Console

java.util.GregorianCalendar[time=1386649779590,areFieldsSet=true,areAllFieldsSet=true,lenient=true,zone=sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo[id="US/Eastern",offset=-18000000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,transitions=235,lastRule=java.util.SimpleTimeZone[id=US/Eastern,offset=-18000000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,startYear=0,startMode=3,startMonth=2,startDay=8,startDayOfWeek=1,startTime=7200000,startTimeMode=0,endMode=3,endMonth=10,endDay=1,endDayOfWeek=1,endTime=7200000,endTimeMode=0]],firstDayOfWeek=1,minimalDaysInFirstWeek=1,ERA=1,YEAR=2013,MONTH=11,WEEK_OF_YEAR=50,WEEK_OF_MONTH=2,DAY_OF_MONTH=9,DAY_OF_YEAR=343,DAY_OF_WEEK=2,DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH=2,AM_PM=1,HOUR=11,HOUR_OF_DAY=23,MINUTE=29,SECOND=39,MILLISECOND=590,ZONE_OFFSET=-18000000,DST_OFFSET=0]

While my java.util.date variable shows a date as Mon Dec 09 07:37:50 EST 2013, while debugging the date variable

Date date= new Date();

where as my default timezone that i have set is EST specified on program start

TimeZone.setDefault(TimeZone.getTimeZone("US/Eastern"));

And i am working from a timezone IST.

My question is

Why is cal of Calendar and date of Date() different ?

Answer 1

According to Oracle Documentation it is clearly mentioned that,

public static Calendar getInstance()
Gets a calendar using the default time zone and locale. The Calendar returned is based on the current time in the default time zone with the default locale.

And the default time zone is got by public static TimeZone getDefault() and it is mentioned in TimeZone.getDefault() that

Gets the default TimeZone for this host. The source of the default TimeZone may vary with implementation.

It will return the default timezone set in your computer until and unless you have used public static void setDefault(TimeZone zone) function to set the TimeZone explicitly.

I believe the above explanation answers your both the question,

1. What is the default timezone of java.util.Calendar.?
2. Why is my variable cal of type Calendar shows a time that is not IST or EST.?

EDIT: As per your edited question

Why is cal of Calendar and date of Date() different?

When you call System.out.println(date); then toString() function is invoked and if you look at Source Code of Date you will find that it returns 3 letters shorthand for timezone by invoking the displayName function of default time zone which is 3 letters shorthand in your case EST, which is U.S. Eastern Standard Time (GMT-05:00) Indiana (East).

Answer 2

The date itself doesn't have any time zone. It's toString() method uses the current default time zone to return a String