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Amazon uses zones that look like this: us-east-1d. I can find plenty of documentation about us-east-1, etc... but I do not see any reference to the a,b,c,d,e. What does this letter represent?
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Availability Zones are distinct locations within an AWS Region that are engineered to be isolated from failures in other Availability Zones. They provide inexpensive, low-latency network connectivity to other Availability Zones in the same AWS Region. Important. Each region is completely independent.
AWS Global Infrastructure Map The AWS Cloud spans 87 Availability Zones within 27 geographic regions around the world, with announced plans for 21 more Availability Zones and 7 more AWS Regions in Australia, Canada, India, Israel, New Zealand, Spain, and Switzerland.
The letters actually show the Availability Zone: in us-east-1d notation, us-east-1 is the Region's ID, and d is AZ's identifier.
For example, US West has (at this very moment) two Regions assigned: us-west-1 (Northern California) and us-west-2 (Oregon). I'd suggest checking Regions and Availability Zones docpage for further details.
Note that availability zones are assigned per account:
To ensure that resources are distributed across the Availability Zones for a region, we independently map Availability Zones to identifiers for each account. For example, your Availability Zone us-east-1a might not be the same location as us-east-1a for another account.
... so 'a', 'b', etc. are logical, not physical identifiers of Availability Zones.
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