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httpd is the Apache HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server program. It is designed to be run as a standalone daemon process. When used like this it will create a pool of child processes or threads to handle requests.
HTTPd stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon. It usually is the main software part of an HTTP server better known as a web server. Some commonly used implementations are: Apache HTTP Server.
"httpd" is the name of the deamon/service that runs in the background and processes all requests. "Apache Web Server" is the name of the software, which includes httpd.
For example, in a default install, Apache httpd resides at /usr/local/apache2 in the Unix filesystem or "c:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache2" in the Windows filesystem. (Note that forward slashes should always be used as the path separator in Apache httpd configuration files, even for Windows.)
Apache HTTPD is an HTTP server daemon produced by the Apache Foundation. It is a piece of software that listens for network requests (which are expressed using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and responds to them.
It is open source and many entities use it to host their websites.
Other HTTP servers are available (including Apache Tomcat which is designed for running server side programs written in Java (which don't use CGI)).
CGI is a protocol that allows an HTTP server to use an external piece of software to determine how to respond to a request instead of simply returning the contents of a static file. Many HTTP servers support the CGI protocol.
You can use CGI without an HTTP server, but this typically has few uses beyond allowing a developer to perform command line testing of the CGI program. (You certainly can't interact with it directly from a web browser).
HTTP Daemon is a software program that runs in the background of a web server and waits for the incoming server requests. The daemon answers the request automatically and serves the hypertext and multimedia documents over the Internet using HTTP.
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