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Twitter Bootstrap is a front end framework to develop web apps and sites fast. In modern web development, there are several components which are required in almost all web projects. Bootstrap provides you with all those basic modules - Grid, Typography, Tables, Forms, Buttons, and Responsiveness.
Bootstrap is referred to as Twitter Bootstrap because it was developed by two employees Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton at Twitter. It was originally called Twitter Blueprint before it was released as an open-source project on Github in August of 2011.
Twitter Bootstrap is an open source front end framework for HTML, CSS and JS, using which we can create a responsive UI for our web application. This is supported by all major browsers.
In the context of CSS frameworks, Bootstrap and Twitter Bootstrap are the same thing.
Bootstrap 3 is the third major version of Twitter Bootstrap. (When this question was asked, it had not been released yet.)
(There's another unrelated definition: to bootstrap a computer program or system can refer to running certain phases of early startup. It's often abbreviated as "booting", as in "booting up a computer". Wikipedia has an extensive definition and etymology which I won't reproduce here.)
There's no difference. Twitter Bootstrap was the official name for version 1.0 (Twitter Bootstrap). Later the name has been shortened.
As Bootstrap came from the 2 famous guys at Twitter, hence sometimes it's called Twitter Bootstrap. Bootstrap 3 is the latest version.(I guess version 4 is on its way).
An excerpt from Wikipedia:
Bootstrap, originally named Twitter Blueprint, was developed by Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton at Twitter as a framework to encourage consistency across internal tools. Before Bootstrap, various libraries were used for interface development, which led to inconsistencies and a high maintenance burden.
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