What does the "+=" operator do in Java?

Question

Can you please help me understand what the following code means:

x += 0.1; 

Answer 1

The "common knowledge" of programming is that x += y is an equivalent shorthand notation of x = x + y. As long as x and y are of the same type (for example, both are ints), you may consider the two statements equivalent.

However, in Java, x += y is not identical to x = x + y in general.

If x and y are of different types, the behavior of the two statements differs due to the rules of the language. For example, let's have x == 0 (int) and y == 1.1 (double):

    int x = 0;     x += 1.1;    // just fine; hidden cast, x == 1 after assignment     x = x + 1.1; // won't compile! 'cannot convert from double to int' 

+= performs an implicit cast, whereas for + you need to explicitly cast the second operand, otherwise you'd get a compiler error.

Quote from Joshua Bloch's Java Puzzlers:

(...) compound assignment expressions automatically cast the result of the computation they perform to the type of the variable on their left-hand side. If the type of the result is identical to the type of the variable, the cast has no effect. If, however, the type of the result is wider than that of the variable, the compound assignment operator performs a silent narrowing primitive conversion [JLS 5.1.3].

Answer 2

• x += y is x = x + y
• x -= y is x = x - y
• x *= y is x = x * y
• x /= y is x = x / y
• x %= y is x = x % y
• x ^= y is x = x ^ y
• x &= y is x = x & y
• x |= y is x = x | y

and so on ...