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I've seen some answers here that use it and I don't know what it means or how to use it. I's also hard to look for it via a search engine :)
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! symbol represents the cut . You can read more about cut here. Also, an example in prolog can be found here.
=:= expression is meaning of exactly equal. such as in JavaScript you can use === to also see if the type of the variables are same. Basically it's same logic but =:= is used in functional languages as Prolog, Erlang.
The = "operator" in Prolog is actually a predicate (with infix notation) =/2 that succeeds when the two terms are unified. Thus X = 2 or 2 = X amount to the same thing, a goal to unify X with 2. The == "operator" differs in that it succeeds only if the two terms are already identical without further unification.
The notation [X|Y] refers to a list whose first element is X and whose tail is Y.
It's the 'not provable' operator. It succeeds if its argument is not provable (and fails if its argument is provable).
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