Possible Duplicate: What is “:” in PHP?
What does the : mean in the following PHP code?
<?php     while (have_posts()) : the_post(); ?> 
                It means you pass a reference to the string into the method. All changes done to the string within the method will be reflected also outside that method in your code.
The object operator, -> , is used in object scope to access methods and properties of an object. It's meaning is to say that what is on the right of the operator is a member of the object instantiated into the variable on the left side of the operator. Instantiated is the key term here.
=> is the separator for associative arrays. In the context of that foreach loop, it assigns the key of the array to $user and the value to $pass .
Concatenation of two strings in PHP.
It's called an Alternative Syntax For Control Structures.  You should have an endwhile; somewhere after that.  Basically, it allows you to omit braces {} from a while to make it look "prettier"...
As far as your edit, it's called the Ternary Operator (it's the third section). Basically it's an assignment shorthand.
$foo = $first ? $second : $third;   is the same as saying (Just shorter):
if ($first) {     $foo = $second; } else {     $foo = $third; } 
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