For example, when a web-browser connects to a web-server, it uses HTTP for a protocol at the application layer. But when a web-server connects to MySQL server, another database, what application layer protocol is used for the request and response? Or have I misunderstood something? Thank you!
Is MySQL Port 3306 TCP or UDP? The default MySQL port 3306 is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).
The server listens for connections on a TCP/IP port or a local socket. When a client connects, a handshake and authentication are performed. If successful, the session begins. The client sends a command, and the server responds with a data set or a message appropriate for the type of command that was sent.
The HTTP Plugin for MySQL adds HTTP(S) interfaces to MySQL. Clients can use the HTTP respectively HTTPS (SSL) protocol to query data stored in MySQL. The query language is SQL but other, simpler interfaces exist. All data is serialized as JSON.
It's simply called "MySQL protocol".
Refer to https://dev.mysql.com/doc/dev/mysql-server/latest/PAGE_PROTOCOL.html
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