Understanding Java volatile visibility

Question

I'm reading about the Java volatile keyword and have confusion about its 'visibility'.

A typical usage of volatile keyword is:

volatile boolean ready = false;
int value = 0;

void publisher() {
    value = 5;
    ready = true;
}

void subscriber() {
    while (!ready) {}
    System.out.println(value);
}

As explained by most tutorials, using volatile for ready makes sure that:

• change to ready on publisher thread is immediately visible to other threads (subscriber);
• when ready's change is visible to other thread, any variable update preceding to ready (here is value's change) is also visible to other threads;

I understand the 2nd, because volatile variable prevents memory reordering by using memory barriers, so writes before volatile write cannot be reordered after it, and reads after volatile read cannot be reordered before it. This is how ready prevents printing value = 0 in the above demo.

But I have confusion about the 1st guarantee, which is visibility of the volatile variable itself. That sounds a very vague definition to me.

In other words, my confusion is just on SINGLE variable's visibility, not multiple variables' reordering or something. Let's simplify the above example:

volatile boolean ready = false;

void publisher() {
    ready = true;
}

void subscriber() {
    while (!ready) {}
}

If ready is not defined volatile, is it possible that subscriber get stuck infinitely in the while loop? Why?

A few questions I want to ask:

• What does 'immediately visible' mean? Write operation takes some time, so after how long can other threads see volatile's change? Can a read in another thread that happens very shortly after the write starts but before the write finishes see the change?
• Visibility, for modern CPUs is guaranteed by cache coherence protocol (e.g. MESI) anyway, then why do we need volatile here?
• Some articles say volatile variable uses memory directly instead of CPU cache, which guarantees visibility between threads. That doesn't sound a correct explain.

   Time : ---------------------------------------------------------->

 writer : --------- | write | -----------------------
reader1 : ------------- | read | -------------------- can I see the change?
reader2 : --------------------| read | -------------- can I see the change?

Hope I explained my question clearly.

Answer 1

Visibility, for modern CPUs is guaranteed by cache coherence protocol (e.g. MESI) anyway, so what can volatile help here?

That doesn't help you. You aren't writing code for a modern CPU, you are writing code for a Java virtual machine that is allowed to have a virtual machine that has a virtual CPU whose virtual CPU caches are not coherent.

Some articles say volatile variable uses memory directly instead of CPU cache, which guarantees visibility between threads. That doesn't sound a correct explain.

That is correct. But understand, that's with respect to the virtual machine that you are coding for. Its memory may well be implemented in your physical CPU's caches. That may allow your machine to use the caches and still have the memory visibility required by the Java specification.

Using volatile may ensure that writes go directly to the virtual machine's memory instead of the virtual machine's virtual CPU cache. The virtual machine's CPU cache does not need to provide visibility between threads because the Java specification doesn't require it to.

You cannot assume that characteristics of your particular physical hardware necessarily provide benefits that Java code can use directly. Instead, the JVM trades off those benefits to improve performance. But that means your Java code doesn't get those benefits.

Again, you are not writing code for your physical CPU, you are writing code for the virtual CPU that your JVM provides. That your CPU has coherent caches allows the JVM to do all kinds of optimizations that boost your code's performance, but the JVM is not required to pass those coherent caches through to your code and real JVM's do not. Doing so would mean eliminating a significant number of extremely valuable optimizations.