toupper returns integer rather than char

Question

for the following function

void display()
{
    for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++)
        {
            if (board[i][j] < 84 && (i+j)%2 == 0)
                SetConsoleTextAttribute( GetStdHandle( STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE ), 0x70);
            else if (board[i][j] < 84 && (i+j)%2 == 1)
                SetConsoleTextAttribute( GetStdHandle( STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE ), 0xc0);
            else if (board[i][j] > 97 && (i+j)%2 == 0)
                SetConsoleTextAttribute( GetStdHandle( STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE ), 0x7c);
            else if (board[i][j] > 97 && (i+j)%2 == 1)
                SetConsoleTextAttribute( GetStdHandle( STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE ), 0xc7);
            cout << " " << toupper(board[i][j]) << " ";
        }
        cout << endl;
    }
}

instead of returning chars for the char board[8][8] it returns integers so my output looks like

 82  78  66  81  75  66  78  82

 80  80  80  80  80  80  80  80 

 32  32  32  32  32  32  32  32 

 32  32  32  32  32  32  32  32 

 32  32  32  32  32  32  32  32 

 32  32  32  32  32  32  32  32 

 80  80  80  80  80  80  80  80 

 82  78  66  81  75  66  78  82 

rather than the expected output of

 R  N  B  Q  K  B  N  R

 P  P  P  P  P  P  P  P




 P  P  P  P  P  P  P  P

 R  N  B  Q  K  B  N  R

I have also tried declaring a char a = board[i][j]; cout << toupper(a); in an attempt to confirm the variable type as a character and received the same output.

this is an assignment for a class so i don't expect much help, i just want to know why my function is returning integers in place of chars so that i know what my mistake is for future reference, Google didn't help much. is it some sort of scope issue with toupper?

Answer 1

The intention for toupper is that it can work in other languages than English, and hence it would have to support input and output which is larger than the 8 bit char, and therefor should return something which can be transformed into a unicode or UTF-character.

Simply just casting it to char is probably a source of buggy code for later on depending on what the purpose of your software is.

Have a look at this question on how to use it for wide characters and unicode.

Convert a unicode String In C++ To Upper Case

Answer 2

You need to use cout << char(toupper(board[i][j])); to work around the goofy return type of toupper.