Tell bots apart from human visitors for stats?

Question

Humans and bots will do similar things, but bots will do things that humans don't. Let's try to identify those things. Before we look at behavior, let's accept RayQuang's comment as being useful. If a visitor has a bot's user-agent string, it's probably a bot. I can't image anybody going around with "Google Crawler" (or something similar) as a UA unless they're working on breaking something. I know you don't want to update a list manually, but auto-pulling that one should be good, and even if it stays stale for the next 10 years, it will be helpful.

Some have already mentioned Javascript and image loading, but Google will do both. We must assume there are now several bots that will do both, so those are no longer human indicators. What bots will still uniquely do, however, is follow an "invisible" link. Link to a page in a very sneaky way that I can't see as a user. If that gets followed, we've got a bot.

Bots will often, though not always, respect robots.txt. Users don't care about robots.txt, and we can probably assume that anybody retrieving robots.txt is a bot. We can go one step further, though, and link a dummy CSS page to our pages that is excluded by robots.txt. If our normal CSS is loaded but our dummy CSS isn't, it's definitely a bot. You'll have to build (probably an in-memory) table of loads by IP and do an not contained in match, but that should be a really solid tell.

So, to use all this: maintain a database table of bots by ip address, possibly with timestamp limitations. Add anything that follows your invisible link, add anything that loads the "real" CSS but ignores the robots.txt CSS. Maybe add all the robots.txt downloaders as well. Filter the user-agent string as the last step, and consider using this to do a quick stats analysis and see how strongly those methods appear to be working for identifying things we know are bots.

The easiest way is to check if their useragent includes 'bot' or 'spider' in. Most do.

EDIT (10y later): As Lukas said in the comment box, almost all crawlers today support javascript so I've removed the paragraph that stated that if the site was JS based most bots would be auto-stripped out.

You can follow a bot list and add their user-agent to the filtering list.

Take a look at this bot list.

This user-agent list is also pretty good. Just strip out all the B's and you're set.

EDIT: Amazing work done by eSniff has the above list here "in a form that can be queried and parsed easier. robotstxt.org/db/all.txt Each new Bot is defined by a robot-id:XXX. You should be able to download it once a week and parse it into something your script can use" like you can read in his comment.

Hope it helps!

Consider a PHP stats script which is camouflaged as a CSS background image (give the right response headers -at least the content type and cache control-, but write an empty image out).

Some bots parses JS, but certainly no one loads CSS images. One pitfall -as with JS- is that you will exclude textbased browsers with this, but that's less than 1% of the world wide web population. Also, there are certainly less CSS-disabled clients than JS-disabled clients (mobiles!).

To make it more solid for the (unexceptional) case that the more advanced bots (Google, Yahoo, etc) may crawl them in the future, disallow the path to the CSS image in robots.txt (which the better bots will respect anyway).

I use the following for my stats/counter app:

<?php
    function is_bot($user_agent) {
        return preg_match('/(abot|dbot|ebot|hbot|kbot|lbot|mbot|nbot|obot|pbot|rbot|sbot|tbot|vbot|ybot|zbot|bot\.|bot\/|_bot|\.bot|\/bot|\-bot|\:bot|\(bot|crawl|slurp|spider|seek|accoona|acoon|adressendeutschland|ah\-ha\.com|ahoy|altavista|ananzi|anthill|appie|arachnophilia|arale|araneo|aranha|architext|aretha|arks|asterias|atlocal|atn|atomz|augurfind|backrub|bannana_bot|baypup|bdfetch|big brother|biglotron|bjaaland|blackwidow|blaiz|blog|blo\.|bloodhound|boitho|booch|bradley|butterfly|calif|cassandra|ccubee|cfetch|charlotte|churl|cienciaficcion|cmc|collective|comagent|combine|computingsite|csci|curl|cusco|daumoa|deepindex|delorie|depspid|deweb|die blinde kuh|digger|ditto|dmoz|docomo|download express|dtaagent|dwcp|ebiness|ebingbong|e\-collector|ejupiter|emacs\-w3 search engine|esther|evliya celebi|ezresult|falcon|felix ide|ferret|fetchrover|fido|findlinks|fireball|fish search|fouineur|funnelweb|gazz|gcreep|genieknows|getterroboplus|geturl|glx|goforit|golem|grabber|grapnel|gralon|griffon|gromit|grub|gulliver|hamahakki|harvest|havindex|helix|heritrix|hku www octopus|homerweb|htdig|html index|html_analyzer|htmlgobble|hubater|hyper\-decontextualizer|ia_archiver|ibm_planetwide|ichiro|iconsurf|iltrovatore|image\.kapsi\.net|imagelock|incywincy|indexer|infobee|informant|ingrid|inktomisearch\.com|inspector web|intelliagent|internet shinchakubin|ip3000|iron33|israeli\-search|ivia|jack|jakarta|javabee|jetbot|jumpstation|katipo|kdd\-explorer|kilroy|knowledge|kototoi|kretrieve|labelgrabber|lachesis|larbin|legs|libwww|linkalarm|link validator|linkscan|lockon|lwp|lycos|magpie|mantraagent|mapoftheinternet|marvin\/|mattie|mediafox|mediapartners|mercator|merzscope|microsoft url control|minirank|miva|mj12|mnogosearch|moget|monster|moose|motor|multitext|muncher|muscatferret|mwd\.search|myweb|najdi|nameprotect|nationaldirectory|nazilla|ncsa beta|nec\-meshexplorer|nederland\.zoek|netcarta webmap engine|netmechanic|netresearchserver|netscoop|newscan\-online|nhse|nokia6682\/|nomad|noyona|nutch|nzexplorer|objectssearch|occam|omni|open text|openfind|openintelligencedata|orb search|osis\-project|pack rat|pageboy|pagebull|page_verifier|panscient|parasite|partnersite|patric|pear\.|pegasus|peregrinator|pgp key agent|phantom|phpdig|picosearch|piltdownman|pimptrain|pinpoint|pioneer|piranha|plumtreewebaccessor|pogodak|poirot|pompos|poppelsdorf|poppi|popular iconoclast|psycheclone|publisher|python|rambler|raven search|roach|road runner|roadhouse|robbie|robofox|robozilla|rules|salty|sbider|scooter|scoutjet|scrubby|search\.|searchprocess|semanticdiscovery|senrigan|sg\-scout|shai\'hulud|shark|shopwiki|sidewinder|sift|silk|simmany|site searcher|site valet|sitetech\-rover|skymob\.com|sleek|smartwit|sna\-|snappy|snooper|sohu|speedfind|sphere|sphider|spinner|spyder|steeler\/|suke|suntek|supersnooper|surfnomore|sven|sygol|szukacz|tach black widow|tarantula|templeton|\/teoma|t\-h\-u\-n\-d\-e\-r\-s\-t\-o\-n\-e|theophrastus|titan|titin|tkwww|toutatis|t\-rex|tutorgig|twiceler|twisted|ucsd|udmsearch|url check|updated|vagabondo|valkyrie|verticrawl|victoria|vision\-search|volcano|voyager\/|voyager\-hc|w3c_validator|w3m2|w3mir|walker|wallpaper|wanderer|wauuu|wavefire|web core|web hopper|web wombat|webbandit|webcatcher|webcopy|webfoot|weblayers|weblinker|weblog monitor|webmirror|webmonkey|webquest|webreaper|websitepulse|websnarf|webstolperer|webvac|webwalk|webwatch|webwombat|webzinger|wget|whizbang|whowhere|wild ferret|worldlight|wwwc|wwwster|xenu|xget|xift|xirq|yandex|yanga|yeti|yodao|zao\/|zippp|zyborg|\.\.\.\.)/i', $user_agent);
    }

    //example usage
    if (! is_bot($_SERVER["HTTP_USER_AGENT"])) echo "it's a human hit!";
?>

I removed a link to the original code source, because it now redirects to a food app.

Checking the user-agent will alert you to the honest bots, but not the spammers.

To tell which requests are made by dishonest bots, your best bet (based on this guy's interesting study) is to catch a Javascript focus event .

If the focus event fires, the page was almost certainly loaded by a human being.

• Edit: it's true, people with Javascript turned off will not show up as humans, but that's not a large percentage of web users.
• Edit2: Current bots can also execute Javascript, at least Google can.