Structure alignment in Visual C++

Question

Visual C++ offers both a compiler switch (/Zp) and the pack pragma to affect the aligment of struct members. However, I seem to have some misconception as to how they work.

According to MSDN, for a given alignment value n,

The alignment of a member will be on a boundary that is either a multiple of n or a multiple of the size of the member, whichever is smaller.

Let's assume a pack value of 8 bytes (which is the default). Within a struct, I'd think that any member whose size is less than 8 bytes will be at an offset that is a multiple of its own size. Any member whose size is 8 bytes or more will be at an offset that is a multiple of 8 bytes.

Now take the following program:

#include <tchar.h>

#pragma pack(8)

struct Foo {
    int i1;
    int i2;
    char c;
};

struct Bar {
    char c;
    Foo foo;
};

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) {
    int fooSize = sizeof(Foo); // yields 12
    Bar bar;
    int fooOffset = ((int) &bar.foo) - ((int) &bar); // yields 4

    return 0;
}

The Foo structure is 12 bytes in size. So within Bar, I'd expect the Foo member to be at offset 8 (a multiple of 8) while actually it's at offset 4. Why is that?

Also, Foo really only has 4+4+1 = 9 bytes of data. The compiler automatically adds padding bytes at the end. But again, given an alignment value of 8 bytes, shouldn't it pad to a multiple of 8 rather than 4?

Any clarification appreciated!

Answer 1

Your excerpt explains this, "whichever is smaller". On a 32-bit platform, an int is 4 bytes. 4 is smaller than 8. So it has a 4-byte alignment.

The pack pragma causes things to be packed, not unpacked. It won't pad unless it has a reason to.