static variables initialization

Question

Today I had a discussion with my colleague and concluded following points. Kindly throw some light if all are correct or some modification is required.

1. When static constructor is not defined in class, static fields are initialized just before their use.
2. When static constructor is defined in class, static fields are initialized just before their use or as part of (before) instance creation.
3. If no static field is accessed within a static method and that static method is called. the static fields will be initialized only if static constructor is defined in that class.
4. If possible static constructor should be avoided in a class.

Answer 1

1.-3.You cannot exactly know when it happens and so you cannot depend on it. A static constructor will give you a little control what happens when it get called.

public class UtilityClass {   //   // Resources   //    // r1 will be initialized by the static constructor   static Resource1 r1 = null;    // r2 will be initialized first, as static constructors are    // invoked after the static variables are initialized   static Resource2 r2 = new Resource2();    static UtilityClass()   {     r1 = new Resource1();   }    static void f1(){}   static void f2(){} } 

4.Static constructors are slow

The exact timing of static constructor execution is implementation-dependent, but is subject to the following rules:

• The static constructor for a class executes before any instance of the class is created.
• The static constructor for a class executes before any of the static members for the class are
  referenced.
• The static constructor for a class executes after the static field initializers (if any) for the class.
• The static constructor for a class executes, at most, one time during a single program instantiation.
• The order of execution between two static constructors of two
  different classes is not specified.

Answer 2

All of your points are correct.

The reason static constructors should be avoided is because the compiler injects code everywhere any method of the class is called to check that the static constructor has been called. This has a negative impact on performance.

What you can do is have a private static field in you class that is assigned a dummy value when the default (or other non static) constructor is called. This initializes all static fields on object creation.