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As you know there is no int variable on JavaCard 2.2.x. I need integer variables for the applet I'm developing.
I want to know how to simulate an int variable and its arithmetic using byte and short variables.
443
Conclusion: Use int unless you conserving memory is critical, or your program uses a lot of memory (e.g. many arrays). In that case, use short .
Generally, there's no point to make a single variable a byte instead of an int - it only matters when you have a big array of bytes instead of ints.
byte is generally considered to be 8 bits. short is generally considered to be 16 bits.
The C/C++ compilers accept the integer modifiers short and long for integers, but the implementation is left to the hardware. You are guaranteed that a short will be no bigger than an int and a long will be no smaller than an int.
Christmas special answer.
Fully tested using Unit tests, but as yet only on Java SE.
Needs some work for instantiating the backing array.
Some code can still be optimized by in-lining the left hand operand.
Note that this code uses *= - assignment of the answer to the first variable - rather than * as it is not a good idea to create object instances during Java Card runtime (they are created in persistent memory).
Stripped all the JavaDoc comments, as it would not fit the maximum post size otherwise.
/**
* Free for use by all, please keep this line and the author line intact.
*
* @author Maarten Bodewes
*/
public final class JCInteger {
private static final short BYTE_SIZE = 8;
private static final short SHORT_SIZE = 16;
private static final short INTEGER_SIZE = 32;
private static final short HIGH = 0;
private static final short LOW = 1;
private final short[] values;
private JCInteger(final byte memoryType) {
// TODO this should be backed by an array in RAM, using JCSystem.makeTransientByteArray()
// using either JCSystem.CLEAR_ON_RESET or JCSystem.CLEAR_ON_DESELECT
values = new short[(short) 2];
}
public static JCInteger createInstance(final byte memoryType) {
return new JCInteger(memoryType);
}
public JCInteger assign(final JCInteger rightHandOperand) {
values[HIGH] = rightHandOperand.values[HIGH];
values[LOW] = rightHandOperand.values[LOW];
return this;
}
public JCInteger assign(final short high, final short low) {
values[HIGH] = high;
values[LOW] = low;
return this;
}
public JCInteger assignSigned(final short signedValue) {
if (signedValue >= 0) {
values[HIGH] = (short) 0x0000;
} else {
values[HIGH] = (short) 0xFFFF;
}
values[LOW] = signedValue;
return this;
}
public JCInteger assignUnsigned(final short unsignedValue) {
values[HIGH] = (short) 0x0000;
values[LOW] = unsignedValue;
return this;
}
public short getHigh() {
// no pun intended
return values[HIGH];
}
public short getLow() {
return values[LOW];
}
public short[] getBackingShortArray() {
return values;
}
public JCInteger negate() {
// basically invert, then increase, note that -Integer.MIN_VALUE = Integer.MIN_VALUE (as it is in Java)
values[HIGH] = (short)~values[HIGH];
values[LOW] = (short)~values[LOW];
increment();
return this;
}
public JCInteger increment() {
values[LOW]++;
if (values[LOW] == 0) {
values[HIGH]++;
}
return this;
}
public JCInteger decrement() {
values[LOW]--;
if (values[LOW] == -1) {
values[HIGH]--;
}
return this;
}
public JCInteger add(final JCInteger y) {
addUnsignedLow(y.values[LOW]);
values[HIGH] += y.values[HIGH];
return this;
}
public JCInteger subtract(final JCInteger y) {
// subtracts by adding the negated i
// negation is identical to invert + increase
// however the increase is performed to the result of adding the inverted value
// invert
final short xlInv = (short) ~y.values[LOW];
final short xhInv = (short) ~y.values[HIGH];
// add
addUnsignedLow(xlInv);
values[HIGH] += xhInv;
// increase
increment();
return this;
}
public JCInteger multiply(JCInteger y) {
// uses the fact that:
// x * y =
// (x1 * 2 ^ 16 + x0) * (y1 * 2 ^ 16 + y0) =
// (x1 * y1 * 2 ^ 32) + x1 * y0 * 2 ^ 16 + x0 * y1 * 2 ^ 16 + x0 * y0 =
// x1 * y0 * 2 ^ 16 + x0 * y1 * 2 ^ 16 + x0 * y0 (because anything * 2 ^ 32 overflows all the bits) =
// x1 * y0 * 2 ^ 16 + x0 * y1 * 2 ^ 16 + z1 | z0 (where z1 = high 16 bits of x0 * y* and z0 is the low part) =
// r1 | r0 where r1 = x1 * y0 + x0 * y1 + z1 and r0 = z0
// r1 is only 16 bits so x1 * y0 and x0 * y0 may overflow, as may the additions, hopefully leaving the sign
// bit correctly set
boolean xPositive = this.isPositive();
if (!xPositive) {
this.negate();
}
final short xh = this.values[HIGH];
final short xl = this.values[LOW];
short yh = y.values[HIGH];
short yl = y.values[LOW];
// --- if signed then negate y ---
final boolean yPositive;
if ((yh & 0x8000) == 0) {
yPositive = true;
} else {
// negation (complement then increase)
yh = (short) ~yh;
yl = (short) ~yl;
yl++;
if (yl == 0) {
yh++;
}
yPositive = false;
}
// calculates z1 and z0 and stores it in the current values
multiplyUnsigned(xl, yl, values);
// perform the calculation for the high parts
values[HIGH] += (short) (xh * yl + xl * yh);
// make sure we return a correctly signed value
if ((xPositive && !yPositive) || (!xPositive && yPositive)) {
this.negate();
}
return this;
}
public JCInteger divide(JCInteger y) {
// --- pre-calculations on y ---
// put y in yh and yl
short yh = y.values[HIGH];
short yl = y.values[LOW];
if (yh == 0 && yl == 0) {
// division by zero
throw new ArithmeticException();
}
final boolean yPositive;
if ((yh & 0x8000) == 0) {
yPositive = true;
} else {
// negation (complement then increase)
yh = (short) ~yh;
yl = (short) ~yl;
yl++;
if (yl == 0) {
yh++;
}
yPositive = false;
}
final short divisorSize = (short) (INTEGER_SIZE - numberOfLeadingZeros(yh, yl));
// --- pre-calculations on x ---
final boolean xPositive = this.isPositive();
if (!xPositive) {
this.negate();
}
final short dividentSize = (short) (INTEGER_SIZE - numberOfLeadingZeros());
// --- setup the maximum number of shifts ---
final short maxShifts = (short) (dividentSize - divisorSize);
// --- slightly superfluous check if divisor is higher than dividend ---
if (maxShifts < 0) {
// return 0, no division can be performed
values[HIGH] = 0;
values[LOW] = 0;
return this;
}
// --- shift divisor left until the highest bit is aligned with the highest bit of the dividend ---
if (maxShifts <= JCInteger.SHORT_SIZE) {
yh = (short) (((yl & 0xFFFF) >>> (SHORT_SIZE - maxShifts)) | (yh << maxShifts));
yl <<= maxShifts;
} else {
yh = (short) (yl << (maxShifts - SHORT_SIZE));
yl = 0;
}
short rh = 0, rl = 0;
for (short i = maxShifts; i >= 0; i--) {
final short xho = values[HIGH];
final short xlo = values[LOW];
// --- subtract (add complement and increment does the job) ---
// add complement
addUnsignedLow((short) ~yl);
values[HIGH] += (short) ~yh;
// increase to create subtraction
increment();
if (isPositive()) {
// --- we have subtracted y * 2 ^ n, so include 2 ^ n to the result ---
if (i >= SHORT_SIZE) {
rh |= 1 << (i - SHORT_SIZE);
} else {
rl |= 1 << i;
}
} else {
// --- we could not subtract, so restore ---
values[HIGH] = xho;
values[LOW] = xlo;
}
// --- shift right by 1 ---
// first do low shift as high shift changes value
yl = (short) ((yh << (JCInteger.SHORT_SIZE - 1)) | ((yl & 0xFFFF) >>> 1));
yh = (short) ((yh & 0xFFFF) >>> 1);
}
values[HIGH] = rh;
values[LOW] = rl;
// make sure we return a correctly signed value (may mess up sign bit on overflows?)
if ((xPositive && !yPositive) || (!xPositive && yPositive)) {
this.negate();
}
return this;
}
public JCInteger remainder(JCInteger y) {
// --- pre-calculations on y ---
// put y in yh and yl
short yh = y.values[HIGH];
short yl = y.values[LOW];
if (yh == 0 && yl == 0) {
// division by zero
throw new ArithmeticException();
}
if ((yh & 0x8000) != 0) {
// negation (complement then increase)
yh = (short) ~yh;
yl = (short) ~yl;
yl++;
if (yl == 0) {
yh++;
}
}
final short divisorSize = (short) (INTEGER_SIZE - numberOfLeadingZeros(yh, yl));
// --- pre-calculations on x ---
final boolean xPositive = this.isPositive();
if (!xPositive) {
this.negate();
}
final short dividentSize = (short) (INTEGER_SIZE - numberOfLeadingZeros());
// --- setup the maximum number of shifts ---
final short maxShifts = (short) (dividentSize - divisorSize);
// --- slightly superfluous check if divisor is higher than dividend ---
if (maxShifts < 0) {
if (!xPositive) {
return this.negate();
}
return this;
}
// --- shift divisor left until the highest bit is aligned with the highest bit of the dividend ---
if (maxShifts <= JCInteger.SHORT_SIZE) {
yh = (short) (((yl & 0xFFFF) >>> (SHORT_SIZE - maxShifts)) | (yh << maxShifts));
yl <<= maxShifts;
} else {
yh = (short) (yl << (maxShifts - SHORT_SIZE));
yl = 0;
}
for (short i = maxShifts; i >= 0; i--) {
final short xho = values[HIGH];
final short xlo = values[LOW];
// --- subtract (add complement and increment does the job) ---
// add complement
addUnsignedLow((short) ~yl);
values[HIGH] += (short) ~yh;
// increase to create subtraction
increment();
if (!isPositive()) {
values[HIGH] = xho;
values[LOW] = xlo;
}
// --- shift right by 1 ---
// first do low shift as high shift changes value
yl = (short) ((yh << (JCInteger.SHORT_SIZE - 1)) | ((yl & 0xFFFF) >>> 1));
yh = (short) ((yh & 0xFFFF) >>> 1);
}
if (!xPositive) {
negate();
}
return this;
}
public JCInteger leftShift(short shiftDistance) {
shiftDistance = (short) (shiftDistance & 0x1F);
if (shiftDistance == 0) {
return this;
}
final short low = values[LOW];
final short high = values[HIGH];
// TODO test if we can do without if on Java Card (is integer value calculated? cannot really be.
if (shiftDistance < SHORT_SIZE) {
values[HIGH] = (short) (((low & 0xFFFF) >>> (SHORT_SIZE - shiftDistance)) | (high << shiftDistance));
values[LOW] <<= shiftDistance;
} else {
values[HIGH] = (short) (low << (shiftDistance - SHORT_SIZE));
values[LOW] = 0;
}
return this;
}
public JCInteger signedRightShift(short shiftDistance) {
shiftDistance = (short) (shiftDistance & 0x1F);
if (shiftDistance == 0) {
return this;
}
final short low = values[LOW];
final short high = values[HIGH];
if (shiftDistance < SHORT_SIZE) {
values[HIGH] = (short) (high >>> shiftDistance);
values[LOW] = (short) ((high << (SHORT_SIZE - shiftDistance)) | ((low & 0xFFFF) >>> shiftDistance));
} else {
if ((high & 0x8000) == 0) {
values[HIGH] = 0;
values[LOW] = (short) ((high & 0xFFFF) >>> (shiftDistance - SHORT_SIZE));
} else {
values[HIGH] = (short) 0xFFFF;
values[LOW] = (short) (high >>> (shiftDistance - SHORT_SIZE));
}
}
return this;
}
public JCInteger unsignedRightShift(short shiftDistance) {
shiftDistance = (short) (shiftDistance & 0x1F);
if (shiftDistance == 0) {
return this;
}
final short low = values[LOW];
final short high = values[HIGH];
if (shiftDistance < SHORT_SIZE) {
values[HIGH] = (short) ((high & 0xFFFF) >>> shiftDistance);
values[LOW] = (short) ((high << (SHORT_SIZE - shiftDistance)) | ((low & 0xFFFF) >>> shiftDistance));
} else {
values[HIGH] = 0;
values[LOW] = (short) ((high & 0xFFFF) >>> (shiftDistance - SHORT_SIZE));
}
return this;
}
public JCInteger complement() {
this.values[HIGH] = (short) ~this.values[HIGH];
this.values[LOW] = (short) ~this.values[LOW];
return this;
}
public JCInteger xor(final JCInteger y) {
this.values[HIGH] ^= y.values[HIGH];
this.values[LOW] ^= y.values[LOW];
return this;
}
public JCInteger and(final JCInteger y) {
this.values[HIGH] &= y.values[HIGH];
this.values[LOW] &= y.values[LOW];
return this;
}
public JCInteger or(final JCInteger y) {
this.values[HIGH] |= y.values[HIGH];
this.values[LOW] |= y.values[LOW];
return this;
}
public short signum() {
if (values[HIGH] == 0 && values[LOW] == 0) {
return 0;
}
// get sign bit (>>> 15) negate, -1 for neg, 0 for pos, then times 2 (<< 2) which leaves -2 for neg 0 for pos
// and finally add 1, to get the result -1 or 1 for negative and positive, respectively
return (short) ((-((values[HIGH] >>> 15) & 1) * 2) + 1);
}
public short numberOfLeadingZeros() {
short t = values[HIGH];
if (t != 0) {
for (short i = 0; i < SHORT_SIZE; i++) {
if (t < 0) {
return i;
}
t <<= 1;
}
}
t = values[LOW];
if (t != 0) {
for (short i = SHORT_SIZE; i < INTEGER_SIZE; i++) {
if (t < 0) {
return i;
}
t <<= 1;
}
}
return INTEGER_SIZE;
}
public short compareTo(JCInteger anotherInteger) {
final short xh = values[HIGH];
final short yh = anotherInteger.values[HIGH];
if (xh < yh) {
return -1;
} else if (xh > yh) {
return 1;
}
// --- xh == yh ---
final short xl = values[LOW];
final short yl = anotherInteger.values[LOW];
// TODO think of better way than four ifs
if (xl < 0 && yl >= 0) {
return 1;
} else if (xl >= 0 && yl < 0) {
return -1;
} else if (xl > yl) {
return 1;
} else if (xl < yl) {
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (!(obj instanceof JCInteger)) {
return false;
}
final JCInteger otherInt = (JCInteger) obj;
return values[HIGH] == otherInt.values[HIGH]
&& values[LOW] == otherInt.values[LOW];
}
public short encode(final byte[] bArray, short bOff) {
// use javacard.framework.Util.setShort() instead
bArray[bOff++] = (byte) (values[HIGH] >>> BYTE_SIZE);
bArray[bOff++] = (byte) (values[HIGH] & 0xFF);
bArray[bOff++] = (byte) (values[LOW] >>> BYTE_SIZE);
bArray[bOff++] = (byte) (values[LOW] & 0xFF);
return bOff;
}
public JCInteger decode(final byte[] bArray, short bOff) {
values[HIGH] = (short) ((bArray[bOff++] << BYTE_SIZE) | (bArray[bOff++] & 0xFF));
values[LOW] = (short) ((bArray[bOff++] << BYTE_SIZE) | (bArray[bOff++] & 0xFF));
return this;
}
private boolean isPositive() {
return (values[HIGH] & 0x8000) == 0;
}
private void addUnsignedLow(final short yl) {
final short xl = values[LOW];
values[HIGH] += carryOnUnsignedAddition(xl, yl);
values[LOW] = (short) (xl + yl);
}
private static short carryOnUnsignedAddition(final short x, final short y) {
// implementation without any conditionals on the highest bits of x, y and r = x + y
final short r = (short) (x + y);
// uses only the sign bit on the variables including the result to see if carry will happen
return (short) ((((x & y) | (x & ~y & ~r) | (~x & y & ~r)) >>> 15) & 1);
}
private static short[] multiplyUnsigned(short x, short y, short[] r) {
// uses the fact that:
// x * y =
// (x1 * 2 ^ 8 + x0) * (y1 * 2 ^ 8 + y0) =
// (x1 * y1 * 2 ^ 16) + x1 * y0 * 2 ^ 8 + x0 * y1 * 2 ^ 8 + x0 * y0
final short x1 = (short) ((x >>> BYTE_SIZE) & 0xFF);
final short x0 = (short) (x & 0xFF);
final short y1 = (short) ((y >>> BYTE_SIZE) & 0xFF);
final short y0 = (short) (y & 0xFF);
// TODO check uppiest bit of rh and rl
// calculate z2 * 2 ^ (2 * 8) = x1 * y1 * 2 ^ (2 * 8) = x1 * y1 << 16,
// store it as partial result in rh
short rh = (short) (x1 * y1);
// calculate z0 = x0 * y0
short rl = (short) (x0 * y0);
short toAdd, result;
// calculate x1 * y0* 2 ^ 8
short x1y0 = (short) (x1 * y0);
rh += (x1y0 >>> 8) & 0xFF;
toAdd = (short) ((x1y0 << 8) & 0xFF00);
result = (short) (rl + toAdd);
rh += carryOnUnsignedAddition(rl, toAdd);
rl = result;
// calculate x0 * y1* 2 ^ 8
short x0y1 = (short) (x0 * y1);
rh += (x0y1 >>> 8) & 0xFF;
toAdd = (short) ((x0y1 << 8) & 0xFF00);
result = (short) (rl + toAdd);
rh += carryOnUnsignedAddition(rl, toAdd);
rl = result;
r[HIGH] = rh;
r[LOW] = rl;
return r;
}
private static short numberOfLeadingZeros(short ih, short il) {
if (ih != 0) {
for (short i = 0; i < SHORT_SIZE; i++) {
if (ih < 0) {
return i;
}
ih <<= 1;
}
}
if (il != 0) {
for (short i = SHORT_SIZE; i < INTEGER_SIZE; i++) {
if (il < 0) {
return i;
}
il <<= 1;
}
}
return INTEGER_SIZE;
}
}
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