Simplest two-way encryption using PHP

Question

Important: Unless you have a very particular use-case, do not encrypt passwords, use a password hashing algorithm instead. When someone says they encrypt their passwords in a server-side application, they're either uninformed or they're describing a dangerous system design. Safely storing passwords is a totally separate problem from encryption.

Be informed. Design safe systems.

Portable Data Encryption in PHP

If you're using PHP 5.4 or newer and don't want to write a cryptography module yourself, I recommend using an existing library that provides authenticated encryption. The library I linked relies only on what PHP provides and is under periodic review by a handful of security researchers. (Myself included.)

If your portability goals do not prevent requiring PECL extensions, libsodium is highly recommended over anything you or I can write in PHP.

Update (2016-06-12): You can now use sodium_compat and use the same crypto libsodium offers without installing PECL extensions.

If you want to try your hand at cryptography engineering, read on.

---

First, you should take the time to learn the dangers of unauthenticated encryption and the Cryptographic Doom Principle.

• Encrypted data can still be tampered with by a malicious user.
• Authenticating the encrypted data prevents tampering.
• Authenticating the unencrypted data does not prevent tampering.

Encryption and Decryption

Encryption in PHP is actually simple (we're going to use openssl_encrypt() and openssl_decrypt() once you have made some decisions about how to encrypt your information. Consult openssl_get_cipher_methods() for a list of the methods supported on your system. The best choice is AES in CTR mode:

• aes-128-ctr
• aes-192-ctr
• aes-256-ctr

There is currently no reason to believe that the AES key size is a significant issue to worry about (bigger is probably not better, due to bad key-scheduling in the 256-bit mode).

Note: We are not using mcrypt because it is abandonware and has unpatched bugs that might be security-affecting. Because of these reasons, I encourage other PHP developers to avoid it as well.

Simple Encryption/Decryption Wrapper using OpenSSL

class UnsafeCrypto
{
    const METHOD = 'aes-256-ctr';

    /**
     * Encrypts (but does not authenticate) a message
     * 
     * @param string $message - plaintext message
     * @param string $key - encryption key (raw binary expected)
     * @param boolean $encode - set to TRUE to return a base64-encoded 
     * @return string (raw binary)
     */
    public static function encrypt($message, $key, $encode = false)
    {
        $nonceSize = openssl_cipher_iv_length(self::METHOD);
        $nonce = openssl_random_pseudo_bytes($nonceSize);

        $ciphertext = openssl_encrypt(
            $message,
            self::METHOD,
            $key,
            OPENSSL_RAW_DATA,
            $nonce
        );

        // Now let's pack the IV and the ciphertext together
        // Naively, we can just concatenate
        if ($encode) {
            return base64_encode($nonce.$ciphertext);
        }
        return $nonce.$ciphertext;
    }

    /**
     * Decrypts (but does not verify) a message
     * 
     * @param string $message - ciphertext message
     * @param string $key - encryption key (raw binary expected)
     * @param boolean $encoded - are we expecting an encoded string?
     * @return string
     */
    public static function decrypt($message, $key, $encoded = false)
    {
        if ($encoded) {
            $message = base64_decode($message, true);
            if ($message === false) {
                throw new Exception('Encryption failure');
            }
        }

        $nonceSize = openssl_cipher_iv_length(self::METHOD);
        $nonce = mb_substr($message, 0, $nonceSize, '8bit');
        $ciphertext = mb_substr($message, $nonceSize, null, '8bit');

        $plaintext = openssl_decrypt(
            $ciphertext,
            self::METHOD,
            $key,
            OPENSSL_RAW_DATA,
            $nonce
        );

        return $plaintext;
    }
}

Usage Example

$message = 'Ready your ammunition; we attack at dawn.';
$key = hex2bin('000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f');

$encrypted = UnsafeCrypto::encrypt($message, $key);
$decrypted = UnsafeCrypto::decrypt($encrypted, $key);

var_dump($encrypted, $decrypted);

Demo: https://3v4l.org/jl7qR

---

The above simple crypto library still is not safe to use. We need to authenticate ciphertexts and verify them before we decrypt.

Note: By default, UnsafeCrypto::encrypt() will return a raw binary string. Call it like this if you need to store it in a binary-safe format (base64-encoded):

$message = 'Ready your ammunition; we attack at dawn.';
$key = hex2bin('000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f');

$encrypted = UnsafeCrypto::encrypt($message, $key, true);
$decrypted = UnsafeCrypto::decrypt($encrypted, $key, true);

var_dump($encrypted, $decrypted);

Demo: http://3v4l.org/f5K93

Simple Authentication Wrapper

class SaferCrypto extends UnsafeCrypto
{
    const HASH_ALGO = 'sha256';

    /**
     * Encrypts then MACs a message
     * 
     * @param string $message - plaintext message
     * @param string $key - encryption key (raw binary expected)
     * @param boolean $encode - set to TRUE to return a base64-encoded string
     * @return string (raw binary)
     */
    public static function encrypt($message, $key, $encode = false)
    {
        list($encKey, $authKey) = self::splitKeys($key);

        // Pass to UnsafeCrypto::encrypt
        $ciphertext = parent::encrypt($message, $encKey);

        // Calculate a MAC of the IV and ciphertext
        $mac = hash_hmac(self::HASH_ALGO, $ciphertext, $authKey, true);

        if ($encode) {
            return base64_encode($mac.$ciphertext);
        }
        // Prepend MAC to the ciphertext and return to caller
        return $mac.$ciphertext;
    }

    /**
     * Decrypts a message (after verifying integrity)
     * 
     * @param string $message - ciphertext message
     * @param string $key - encryption key (raw binary expected)
     * @param boolean $encoded - are we expecting an encoded string?
     * @return string (raw binary)
     */
    public static function decrypt($message, $key, $encoded = false)
    {
        list($encKey, $authKey) = self::splitKeys($key);
        if ($encoded) {
            $message = base64_decode($message, true);
            if ($message === false) {
                throw new Exception('Encryption failure');
            }
        }

        // Hash Size -- in case HASH_ALGO is changed
        $hs = mb_strlen(hash(self::HASH_ALGO, '', true), '8bit');
        $mac = mb_substr($message, 0, $hs, '8bit');

        $ciphertext = mb_substr($message, $hs, null, '8bit');

        $calculated = hash_hmac(
            self::HASH_ALGO,
            $ciphertext,
            $authKey,
            true
        );

        if (!self::hashEquals($mac, $calculated)) {
            throw new Exception('Encryption failure');
        }

        // Pass to UnsafeCrypto::decrypt
        $plaintext = parent::decrypt($ciphertext, $encKey);

        return $plaintext;
    }

    /**
     * Splits a key into two separate keys; one for encryption
     * and the other for authenticaiton
     * 
     * @param string $masterKey (raw binary)
     * @return array (two raw binary strings)
     */
    protected static function splitKeys($masterKey)
    {
        // You really want to implement HKDF here instead!
        return [
            hash_hmac(self::HASH_ALGO, 'ENCRYPTION', $masterKey, true),
            hash_hmac(self::HASH_ALGO, 'AUTHENTICATION', $masterKey, true)
        ];
    }

    /**
     * Compare two strings without leaking timing information
     * 
     * @param string $a
     * @param string $b
     * @ref https://paragonie.com/b/WS1DLx6BnpsdaVQW
     * @return boolean
     */
    protected static function hashEquals($a, $b)
    {
        if (function_exists('hash_equals')) {
            return hash_equals($a, $b);
        }
        $nonce = openssl_random_pseudo_bytes(32);
        return hash_hmac(self::HASH_ALGO, $a, $nonce) === hash_hmac(self::HASH_ALGO, $b, $nonce);
    }
}

Usage Example

$message = 'Ready your ammunition; we attack at dawn.';
$key = hex2bin('000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f');

$encrypted = SaferCrypto::encrypt($message, $key);
$decrypted = SaferCrypto::decrypt($encrypted, $key);

var_dump($encrypted, $decrypted);

Demos: raw binary, base64-encoded

---

If anyone wishes to use this SaferCrypto library in a production environment, or your own implementation of the same concepts, I strongly recommend reaching out to your resident cryptographers for a second opinion before you do. They'll be able tell you about mistakes that I might not even be aware of.

You will be much better off using a reputable cryptography library.

Edited:

You should really be using openssl_encrypt() & openssl_decrypt()

As Scott says, Mcrypt is not a good idea as it has not been updated since 2007.

There is even an RFC to remove Mcrypt from PHP - https://wiki.php.net/rfc/mcrypt-viking-funeral

Use mcrypt_encrypt() and mcrypt_decrypt() with corresponding parameters. Really easy and straight forward, and you use a battle-tested encryption package.

EDIT

5 years and 4 months after this answer, the mcrypt extension is now in the process of deprecation and eventual removal from PHP.

Encrypting using openssl_encrypt() The openssl_encrypt function provides a secured and easy way to encrypt your data.

In the script below, we use the AES128 encryption method, but you may consider other kind of encryption method depending on what you want to encrypt.

<?php
$message_to_encrypt = "Yoroshikune";
$secret_key = "my-secret-key";
$method = "aes128";
$iv_length = openssl_cipher_iv_length($method);
$iv = openssl_random_pseudo_bytes($iv_length);

$encrypted_message = openssl_encrypt($message_to_encrypt, $method, $secret_key, 0, $iv);

echo $encrypted_message;
?>

Here is an explanation of the variables used :

message_to_encrypt : the data you want to encrypt secret_key : it is your ‘password’ for encryption. Be sure not to choose something too easy and be careful not to share your secret key with other people method : the method of encryption. Here we chose AES128. iv_length and iv : prepare the encryption using bytes encrypted_message : the variable including your encrypted message

Decrypting using openssl_decrypt() Now you encrypted your data, you may need to decrypt it in order to re-use the message you first included into a variable. In order to do so, we will use the function openssl_decrypt().

<?php
$message_to_encrypt = "Yoroshikune";
$secret_key = "my-secret-key";
$method = "aes128";
$iv_length = openssl_cipher_iv_length($method);
$iv = openssl_random_pseudo_bytes($iv_length);
$encrypted_message = openssl_encrypt($message_to_encrypt, $method, $secret_key, 0, $iv);

$decrypted_message = openssl_decrypt($encrypted_message, $method, $secret_key, 0, $iv);

echo $decrypted_message;
?>

The decrypt method proposed by openssl_decrypt() is close to openssl_encrypt().

The only difference is that instead of adding $message_to_encrypt, you will need to add your already encrypted message as the first argument of openssl_decrypt().